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. 2021 Jan 15;11:1604. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81222-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intravenous administration of unmodified PMOs does not induce sufficient exon skipping to increase muscle mass or decrease fat mass in high-fat diet-fed mice. (a,b) Body mass (a) and percentage increase in body mass (b) measured weekly after the start of i/v PMO or saline administration (start: week 8). (c,d) Absolute (c) and relative (d) blood glucose concentrations during the IPITT. E–H: Epididymal fat pad (e), TA muscle (f), SOL muscle (g) and Gastrocnemius (h) muscle masses in saline-treated chow-fed (Chow-S), saline-treated HFD-fed mice (HFD-S) and PMO-treated HFD-fed mice (HFD-P). (i) RT-PCR/agarose gel analysis of myostatin exon skipping in muscle, adipose and liver tissue. Epi: epididymal fat pad. Ing: inguinal fat pad. Liv: Liver; NT: non-template control. Ex1/2/3: Unskipped myostatin transcript; Ex1/3: Skipped myostatin transcript. Small white arrow indicates PCR product from skipped myostatin mRNA. Data are shown as mean ± S.E.M (a–d), with different letters indicating significant differences between the groups at each time point (p < 0.05), or as individual data points and means ± S.D. (E–H). N = 10 per group.