Table 1.
Recent examples of microcarriers for cartilage regeneration (Research reported from January 2014 to January 2020).
| Matrix | Cells | Drugs/proteins/factors/others | Composite other scaffolds | Animals (cartilage regeneration in vivo) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a agarose and collagen type II | BMSCs | / | / | / | [46] |
| PLGA | ADSCs | TGF-β3 | / | rabbits | [52] |
| aPLGA | MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and ATDC5 prechondrocytes | BMP-7 | multichannel biphasic calcium phosphate granule-hyaluronic acid-gelatin | / | [95] |
| dialdehyde bacterial cellulose - DL-allo-hydroxylysine - chitosan | BMSCs | / | / | mice | [32] |
| Alginate | ADSCs | / | / | rabbits | [50] |
| Collagen | BMSCs | / | / | rabbits | [51] |
| PLGA | BMSCs | / | collagen-silk fibroin | rabbits | [84] |
| aPLGA | BMSCs | bovine serum albumin and TGF-β1 | ε-caprolactone | / | [85] |
| a chitosan and ECM | chondrocyte | / | / | / | [78] |
| a PLGA | BMSCs | decellularized cartilage and chondroitin sulfate | / | / | [42] |
| a PLGA and chitosan polyelectrolyte | chondrocyte | / | / | / | [53] |
| a poly (lactic acid) | MSCs | decellularized cartilage matrix | / | / | [65] |
| PLGA | BMSCs | pilose antler polypeptides | silk fibroin/collagen/hyaluronic acid | rabbits | [86] |
| a PCL | chondrocyte | Chitosan | / | / | [72] |
| PLGA | / | chondroitin sulfate and β-tricalcium phosphate | / | sheep | [92] |
| PLAG, collagen, chitosan and hyaluronic acid sodium | BMSCs | kartogenin and polylysine-heparin sodium nanoparticles containing TGF-β1 | / | rabbits | [96] |
| a collagen | hMSCs | TGF-β3 | / | / | [38] |
| PCL and the hydroxyapatite | MSCs | / | / | rabbits | [97] |
| PLGA | / | BMP-7 | / | minipigs | [64] |
| PLGA | chondrocyte | / | poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel | rabbits | [98] |
| a gelatin and alginate | BMSCs | / | PCL | / | [30] |
| Alginate | ADSCs | / | / | sheep | [29] |
| a poly (lactic acid) | BMSCs | decellularized cartilage matrix | poly (caprolactone) filaments | / | [99] |
| a glycosaminoglycan | ADSCs | TGF-β1 | / | / | [59] |
| a PLGA and decellularized cartilage | BMSCs | TGF-β | / | / | [100] |
| PLGA | BMSCs | BMP-2 | PLGA thin polymeric membrane | rabbits | [101] |
| a chitosan | chondrocyte | / | / | / | [102] |
| a PLGA | BMSCs | / | collagen/chitosan/hyaluronic acid sodium | / | [103] |
| a polyurethane | BMSCs | chemokines SDF-1, and Y27632 | polyurethane | / | [104] |
| PLLA/chitosan | BMSCs | / | poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) membrane | rabbits | [105] |
| a methacrylated hyaluronic acid | BMSCs | decellularized cartilage/devitalized cartilage | / | / | [106] |
| PLGA | / | BMP-2 and TGF-β1 | segmented polyurethane | rabbits | [107] |
| Chitosan | BMSCs | BMP-2 and TGF-β3 | demineralized bone matrix | pigs | [90] |
| a alginate | chondrocyte | arginine-glycine-aspartic acid | / | / | [79] |
| a PLGA | MSCs | TGF-β3 and SOX9 | / | / | [54] |
| alginate-PCEC | chondrocyte | / | / | rabbits | [80] |
| alginate-PLGA | BMSCs | BMP-2 or TGFβ1 | / | rabbits | [108] |
| a poly (l-lactic acid) | ASCs | TGF-β3, collagen II, magnetic nanoparticles | / | / | [109] |
| a PLGA | MSCs | magnetic nanoparticles | / | / | [81] |
| a PLLA-based copolymers with acrylic | BMSCs | cytomodulin, BMP-2 | / | / | [110] |
| attapulgite, collagen I | / | naringin, TGF-β1 | / | rabbit | [111] |
| a agarose | MSCs | chitosan-chondroitin sulfate | / | / | [112] |
| a PLGA | MSCs | BSA, TGF-β3 | / | / | [113] |
| a PLGA | bone marrow cells | IGF-I | / | / | [114] |
| a PLGA | MSCs | BMP-7 and TGF-β3, heparin and Tetronic 1107 | / | / | [115] |
| a chitosan | MSCs | Kartogenin | / | / | [116] |
| a gelatin | ADSCs | TGF-β1 | / | / | [57] |
| a PCL | chondrocyte | / | / | / | [117] |
| a poly (l-lactic acid) | ADSCs | collagen II-TGF-β3 | / | / | [49] |
| a gelatin | ADSCs | TGF-β1 | / | / | [118] |
| a poly (alanine ethyl ester-co-glycine ethyl ester) phosphazene | BMSCs | TGF-β1 or IGF-I | demineralized bone matrix | / | [119] |
| a PLGA-nanohydroxyapatite | BMSCs or chondrocyte | / | / | / | [120] |
| a gelatin | / | IL-4 and IL-13 | / | / | [121] |
| a alginate | ADSCs | / | / | / | [122] |
| Gelatin | / | IGF-1 and BMP-2 | / | rabbits | [55] |
| a poly-l-arginine | chondrocyte | C-type natriuretic peptide | / | / | [123] |
| PLGA | chondrocyte | cartilaginous hydrogel | hydrogel conjugated to PLGA | rabbits | [124] |
| a PCL | MSCs (bone marrow, cord blood, fetal and Wharton’s jelly) | / | / | / | [125] |
| a PLGA | BMSCs | chondroitin sulfate and tricalcium phosphate | / | / | [45] |
| a hyaluronan | MSCs | TGF-β3 | / | / | [126] |
| PLGA | / | Dexamethasone | / | canine models | [127] |
| a collagen | chondrocyte | Insulin | / | / | [128] |
| a PLGA | ADSCs | TGF-β1 | / | / | [128] |
| a alginate | ADSCs | iron oxide nanoparticles | / | / | [82] |
PCEC: amphiphilic poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)
BMP: bone morphogenetic protein
ASC: adipose stem cell
BSA: bovine serum albumin
IGF-I: insulin-like growth factor I
a
Studies without animal models indicated