Figure 5.

Schematic representation of the in situ model used to form biofilm on titanium surface using palatal appliances

Sucrose is used to promote biofilm accumulation and extracellular matrix formation. Transmission electron microscopy showing biofilms formed in situ on Ti surface and exposed to Ti particles treatment. Red arrows showing Ti particles agglomerated and precipitated Ti ions on extracellular sites. Reprinted (adapted) from Ref. (Souza et al., 2019a); Copyright (2020), with permission from John Wiley and Sons.