Table 1. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics.
| Characteristics | Participants, No. (%)a |
|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 100.5 (100.2-101.7) |
| Women | 239 (72.4) |
| APOE ε4 allele carriers | 48 (16.8) |
| ε4ε4/ε3ε4/ε2ε4 | 1/33/14 |
| APOE ε3 homozygous | 173 (60.5) |
| APOE ε2 allele carriers | 65 (22.7) |
| ε2ε2/ε2ε3 | 2/63 |
| Independent living situation | 187 (56.7) |
| Mobility | |
| Able to walk independentlyb | 245 (78.8) |
| Able to walk with help of another person | 17 (5.5) |
| Able to move independently in a wheelchair | 25 (8.0) |
| Not able to move independently in a wheelchair | 24 (7.7) |
| Vision | |
| Good | 211 (65.5) |
| Moderate | 43 (13.4) |
| Poor | 36 (11.2) |
| Very poor | 32 (9.9) |
| Hearing | |
| Good | 184 (56.4) |
| Moderate | 105 (32.2) |
| Poor | 32 (9.8) |
| Very poor | 5 (1.5) |
| MMSE score, median (IQR) | 25.2 (22.0-27.6) |
| Barthel Index, independent in ADL | 172 (57.3) |
| Prior stroke or transient ischemic attack | 92 (30.3) |
| Hypertension | 191 (63.0) |
| Grip strength, mean (SD), kg | 15.5 (6.2) |
| Education, median (IQR), ISCED level | 3 (1-4) |
| Highest ISCED education level | 125 (37.9) |
| Premorbid IQ, mean (SD) | 98.2 (14.3) |
| Cognitive activity, mean (SD) | |
| Lifetime | 47.1 (13.5) |
| Current | 13.0 (4.2) |
| Amyloid-β (Thal phase), median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0-4.0) |
| Neurofibrillary tangles (Braak stage), median (IQR) | 3.0 (3.0-4.0) |
| Neuritic plaques (CERAD score), median (IQR) | 1.0 (0-1.0) |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease; IQR, interquartile range; ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.
There were missing data on mobility (19 participants), vision (8 participants), hearing (4 participants), Barthel Index (30 participants), stroke or transient ischemic attack (26 participants), hypertension (27 participants), grip strength (169 participants), APOE ε allele (44 participants), premorbid IQ (90 participants), lifetime cognitive activity (38 participants), and current cognitive activity (43 participants). Neuropathological data were available for a subgroup of 44 (9 men, 35 women) centenarians. Score ranges are as follows: ISCED education level (0-6, with the highest level ≥postsecondary nontertiary education), Barthel Index (0-20, scores ≥15 indicating independence in ADL), grip strength was measured in kg (the maximum score out of 4 attempts was used as the final score), lifetime and current cognitive activity (score range 0-100, and 0-25 respectively, higher scores indicate more frequent cognitive activity), MMSE (score range 0-30, with higher scores indicating better performance), Thal phase (score range 0-5), Braak stage (score range 0-6), and CERAD score (score range 0-3); higher scores indicate higher levels of pathology.
With or without help of a walking stick or walker.