Table 5.
Study participant characteristics
| Study | Number of participants | Age | Sex [F/M] | Time post-stroke [months (SD)] | Type of stroke | Lesion location | Walking status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Al-Yahya et al., 2016) [22] |
19 Stroke; 20 Healthy |
59.61 (15.03); 54.35 (9.38) |
2/17; 8/12 |
Chronic: 26.5 (27.46) |
NR | 11 Right; 8 Left | Independent |
| (Calabro et al., 2017) [40] |
24 Stroke (12/group) |
60 (4); 63 (6) |
5/7; 5/7 |
Chronic: 7.92 (1.95) |
Ischemic |
13 Right; 11 Left 4 F&P; 4 P&O; 4 T&P; 6 P; 6 F |
FAC 0–4 |
| (Caliandro et al., 2020) [23] |
22 Stroke 15 Healthy |
47–74; 43–69 |
9/13; 6/9 |
Chronic: 55.6 (36.6) |
Ischemic |
12 Right; 10 Left 3 F; 10 F, T, P & IC; 4 IC; 2 F & IC; 2 T & IC; 1 F & P |
Independent |
| (Chang et al., 2019) [32] | 2 Stroke | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Independent |
| (Chatterjee et al., 2019) [33] | 33 Stroke | 59.6 (9.7) | 11/22 |
Chronic: 19.2 (10.4) |
NR |
17 Right; 16 Left 4 ACA; 10 MCA; 14 BG & IC; 5 Pons |
Moderate-severe walking deficits (walking speed < 0.8 m/s) |
| (Chen et al., 2019) [41] |
18 Stroke (9/group) |
50.33 (10.95); 54.67 (8.32) |
1/8; 0/9 |
Chronic: 35.63 (27.42) |
9 Hemorrhagic 9 Ischemic |
6 Right; 12 Left | Independent |
| (Choi et al., 2016) [34] | 3 Stroke | 62 (9) | 1/2 |
Chronic: 10.3 (8.08) |
1 Hemorrhagic 2 Ischemic |
2 Right; 1 Left | Independent |
| (Contreras-Vidal et al., 2018) [42] | 5 Stroke | 50.6 (11.46) | 0/5 |
Chronic: 65 (65.68) |
2 Hemorrhagic 2 Ischemic 1 Mixed |
4 Right; 1 Left 1 F,T&P; 1 Th; 1 F & P; 2 unclassified |
Independent |
| (García-Cossio et al., 2015) [35] |
3 Stroke; 10 Healthy young adults |
46.7 (16.9); 32.3 (10.8) |
0/3 | Sub-acute: 2.33(0.56) | 3 Ischemic | 3 Right | “severe difficulties to stand and walk” |
| (Hawkins et al., 2018) [36] |
24 Stroke; 15 Healthy older adults; 9 Healthy young adults |
58 (9.3); 77.2 (5.6); 22.4 (3.21) |
8/16; 8/7; 5/4 |
Chronic: 18.3(9.3) | NR | NR | “Moderate-severe gait impairment” (based on walking speed < 0.8 m/s) |
| (Hermand et al., 2019) [37] | 11 Stroke | 71.4 (10.1) | NR |
Sub-acute: 1.52 (1.15) |
2 Hemorrhagic 9 Ischemic |
5 Right; 6 Left MCA |
Independent |
| (Lee et al., 2018) [30] | 20 Stroke | 61.74 (6.93) | 7/13 |
Chronic: 36.67 (26.61) |
14 Hemorrhagic 6 Ischemic |
12 Right; 8 Left 1 cortical; 10 subcortical; 9 mixed |
NR |
| (Liu et al., 2018) [38] | 23 | 51.5 (10.7) | 2/21 |
Chronic: 41.5 (41.4) |
11 Hemorrhagic 12 Ischemic |
11 Right; 12 Left | Independent |
| (Mihara et al., 2007) [39] |
12 Stroke; 11 Healthy |
52.7 (16.9); 42.6 (11.6) |
1/11; NR |
Sub-acute: 2.94 (1.49) |
6 Hemorrhagic 6 Ischemic |
6 Left cerebellum; 1 Right cerebellum; 1 Bilateral cerebellum; 2 Left medulla; 2 Right pontine tegmentum | Independent |
| (Mitchell et al., 2018) [31] |
5 Stroke; 7 Healthy |
NR; Age-matched |
NR |
Chronic: NR |
NR |
Side NR IC & BG |
Independent |
| (Miyai et al., 2006) [25] |
6 Stroke; 5 Healthy |
57 (6); 53 (11) |
1/5 |
Sub-acute: 2.5 (0.9) |
2 Hemorrhagic 4 Ischemic |
2 Right; 4 Left 2 IC & Th; 3 CR; 1 CR & Pt |
Independent or with supervision |
| (Miyai et al., 2003) [43] | 8 Stroke | 57 (12) | 3/5 |
Sub-acute: Time 1 = 2.7 (1) Time 2 = 5.3 (1) |
4 Hemorrhagic 4 Ischemic |
4 Right; 4 Left 5 subcortical only; 1 cortical only; 2 mixed |
Dependent |
| (Miyai et al., 2002) [24] | 6 Stroke | 57 (13) | 2/4 |
Sub-acute: 2.7 (1.03) |
4 Hemorrhagic 2 Ischemic |
2 Right; 4 Left 3 P & CR; 2 Pt, CR, IC; 1 F, P, T, Pt, CR & IC |
Maximum assist |
| (Mori et al., 2018) [26] |
14 Stroke; 14 Healthy |
61.1 (9.3); 66.3 (13.3) |
2/12 |
Chronic: NR |
9 Hemorrhagic 5 Ischemic |
8 Right; 6 Left Excluded PFC lesions 2 IC; 3 Th; 8 Pt; 1 CR |
Independent |
| (Saitou et al., 200)0 [27] | 44 Stroke only 22 completed walking task | 66 (9.3) | 13/31 |
Chronic: 34.27 (6.57) |
11 Hemorrhagic 33 Ischemic |
25 Right; 19 Left 6 Pt; 4 Th; 1 T P; 27 penetrating branches; 6 MCA |
Independent |
| (Sangani et al., 2015) [28] | 1 Stroke | 71 | 1 |
Chronic: 120 |
NR | Left MCA | Independent |
| (Sburlea et al., 2015) [29] |
9 Stroke; *10 Healthy young adults |
59.7 (11.3); 26.4 (4.8) |
3/6; 4/6 |
Chronic: 75.76 (67.61) |
3 Hemorrhagic 6 Ischemic |
NR | Independent (not explicitly reported) |
NR not reported, F frontal, P parietal, O occipital, T temporal, ACA anterior cerebral artery, MCA middle cerebral artery, BG basal ganglia, IC internal capsule, Th thalamus, CR corona radiata, Pt Putamen, PFC prefrontal cortex
*Sburlea et al. 2017 [46] was included with their 2015 publication as they used the same data set in both studies.