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. 2021 Jan 15;12:63. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02111-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Radiation induce phosphorylation of histone H2A.X. a Confocal microscopic images of rectal organoids exposed to 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Gy of fractionated radiation. Increase in histone phosphorylation (γH2A.X green color) was observed in a dose-dependent manner. b Histogram demonstrating significant increase in relative fluorescence units (RFU) representing immune-fluorescence signal in organoids exposed to 8 Gy of fractionated radiation, (n = 4, p value < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test) compared to un-irradiated control. c Confocal microscopic images of rectal organoids treated with doxorubicin (1 μM). Note the increase in γH2A.X (green color) in doxorubicin-treated organoids compared to control. d Histogram demonstrating significant increase in relative fluorescence units (RFU) representing immune-fluorescence signal in organoids exposed to doxorubicin (n = 3, p value < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test) compared to un-irradiated control. e, f Microscopic image (phase contrast) of rectal organoids along with quantification of % of budding organoid demonstrating that doxorubicin impaired the organoid growth compared to un-irradiated control (p < 8.9217E−05). g Histogram demonstrating significant decrease in organoid viability with doxorubicin treatment compared to control (p < 1.57794E−05)