Table 1. Summary of results of ecological niche modeling for Vespa mandarinia, including model calibration, model evaluation, and relevant Maxent settings for models selected after independent testing.

Maxent settings are represented in the columns ‘Regularization multiplier,’ ‘Feature classes,’ and ‘Variable sets’. The column ‘Calibration processes’ refers to each of the five calibrations processes that were done with different sets of random points, for every calibration scheme. The variables included in the sets mentioned on this table can be found in Tables S1 and S2. E: free extrapolation; EC: extrapolation with clamping; NE: no extrapolation, PCs: principal components.

Calibration scheme	Calibration processes	Models meeting selection criteria	Models predicting independent records (E; EC; NE)	Regularization multiplier	Feature classes	Variable sets
Raw variables and distance thinned occurrences	1	6	8; 2; 10	0.25; 0.5; 0.75	lq; lqpt	42; 43; 50; 51; 57
	2	1	–	–	–	–
	3	1	6; 4; 4	0.75	lqpth	12
	4	1	2; –; 1	0.25	lq	21
	5	2	7; 7; 13	0.1; 0.25	lq	26
PCs and distance thinned occurrences	1	4	24; 18; 20	5	lqph; lqpth	7; 11
	2	2	10; 5; 5	0.25; 0.5	qp	11
	3	4	22; 23; 19	0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75	lp	11
	4	3	9; 8; 11	0.25; 0.5; 0.75	qp	7
	5	6	21; 21; 26	0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75	lqp	2; 9
Raw variables and country-density thinned occurrences	1	1	4; 4; 6	0.1	lqp	22
	2	2	4; 11; 8	0.1	lq; lqp	5; 22
	3	–	–	–	–	–
	4	3	15; 13; 16	0.1; 2	lq; lqph; lqpth	13; 32
	5	–	–	–	–	–
PCs and country-density thinned occurrences	1	7	32; 31; 32	0.25; 0.5; 0.7; 1	lp; lqpt; lqpth	2; 4; 5; 6; 8
	2	1	1; 3; 1	1	lqpth	8
	3	1	5; 6; 7	0.1	q	4
	4	4	24; 22; 18	0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 0.74	lp	1
	5	2	5; 7; 5	1	lqp	1; 6