Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants with Normal Cognition vs Mild Cognitive Impairment
| Variables | Normal Cognition | Mild Cognitive Impairment | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n=818) | (n=138) | ||
| Age (year) | 72.00±5.03 | 75.86±6.45 | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 54.6 | 69.6 | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.62±3.49 | 23.82±3.51 | 0.535 |
| IADL (score) | 7.79±0.49 | 7.54±0.74 | <0.001 |
| MNA-SF (score) | 12.80±1.40 | 12.67±1.41 | 0.325 |
| GDS (score) | 5.43±4.37 | 7.11±5.57 | <0.001 |
| Sleep duration (hour) | 8.48±1.47 | 9.01±1.64 | <0.001 |
| IPAQ (Met/wk) | 5150 (2079, 10,194) | 3764 (1245, 8400) | 0.012 |
| Illiterate (%) | 9.8 | 38.4 | <0.001 |
| Widow(%) | 18.7 | 42.0 | <0.001 |
| Living alone (%) | 15.5 | 30.4 | <0.001 |
| Farming (%) | 50.9 | 68.6 | 0.055 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.112 | ||
| Current smokers | 16.2 | 13.0 | |
| Never smokers | 66.6 | 75.4 | |
| Ever smokers | 17.3 | 11.6 | |
| Drinking (%) | 0.379 | ||
| Daily drinkers | 14.6 | 15.2 | |
| Occasional drinkers | 14.5 | 14.5 | |
| Former drinkers | 13.2 | 8.0 | |
| Never drinkers | 57.7 | 62.3 | |
| Grip strength (kg) | 23.54±8.91 | 18.60±9.04 | <0.001 |
| 4-meter walking test (m/s) | 1.11±0.23 | 0.94±0.26 | <0.001 |
| TUGT (s) | 9.90±3.43 | 12.70±5.20 | <0.001 |
| Diseases (%) | |||
| Diabetes (%) | 16.5 | 12.3 | 0.212 |
| Hypertension (%) | 61.9 | 75.4 | 0.002 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 29.3 | 29.0 | 0.949 |
| Gout (%) | 6.4 | 6.5 | 0.944 |
| Anemia (%) | 4.5 | 7.2 | 0.172 |
| Pulmonary disease (%) | 8.3 | 8.0 | 0.890 |
| Biliary tract disease (%) | 14.6 | 18.1 | 0.281 |
| Kidney disease (%) | 12.0 | 8.0 | 0.169 |
| Peptic ulcer (%) | 15.1 | 11.6 | 0.284 |
| Hepatic disease (%) | 18.1 | 8.7 | 0.006 |
| Heart disease (%) | 33.2 | 41.3 | 0.063 |
| Thyroid disease (%) | 3.8 | 6.5 | 0.140 |
| Osteoarthritis (%) | 16.2 | 21.0 | 0.159 |
| Cancer (%) | 3.8 | 2.2 | 0.342 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MNA-SF, mini-nutritional assessment short-form; GDS, geriatric depression scale; IADL, instrumental activity of daily living; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaires; TUGT, timed up and go test.