Table-1.
Antibiotic-resistant bacterial species reported in poultry and other birds of Bangladesh from January 2011 to June 2020.
| Name of bacteria | Source | Area (District) | Spectrum of antibiotic resistance (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | Apparently healthy, sick and dead broiler, layer and domestic birds; ducks, and geese; apparently healthy Japanese quails; broiler meat; newly hatched chicks from broiler and layer flocks | Dhaka, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Sherpur | Penicillin (100%), tetracycline (45.5-100%), oxytetracycline (93%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (26.7-94.5%), nalidixic acid (25.7-91.89%), ampicillin (25.7-100%), amoxicillin (70-92%), cephalexin (80%), streptomycin (20.8%), fluoroquinolone (85%), ciprofloxacin (12.9-40%), chloramphenicol (8.9%), nitrofurantoin (2-21%), aminoglycosides (71%), gentamicin (2-40%), kanamycin (80%) and carbapenems (90%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried mcr-1 plasmid and resistant genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2,blaTEM-1, blaSHV, qnrB (fluoroquinolone) and rmtB (aminoglycoside) |
[8,15,27-37] |
| Salmonella spp. | Apparently healthy, sick and dead layer and broiler chickens; litter and feed samples from broiler farms; apparently healthy pigeons of LBMs, farms and villages; Apparently healthy Japanese quails; Poultry slaughterer’s hand and poultry residual container of poultry-slaughter houses; broiler meat; newly hatched chicks from broiler and layer flocks | Dhaka, Gazipur, Sherpur, Mymensingh and Chattogram | Penicillin-g (90-100%), ampicillin (82.85-100%), amoxicillin (90-98%), cephalexin (70%), streptomycin (77.14%), tetracycline (93-97.14%), chloramphenicol (94.28%), cotrimoxazole (80%), nitrofurantoin (50-78%), sulfamethoxazole (60%), gentamycin (40-46%), erythromycin (80%), nalidixic acid (40-66.6%), kanamycin (40-80%), doxycycline (66.66%), ciprofloxacin (20-40%), and imipenem (83.33%) Resistance was mediated by tetA (97.14%), floR (94.28%), blaTEM-1 (82.85%), aadA1 (77.14%) genes |
[8,16,22,27,32,36,38-40] |
| Enterobacter spp. | Layer poultry | Dhaka | Penicillin (100%), rifampicin (100%), ampicillin (94.4%), clindamycin (94.4%), erythromycin (94.4%), vancomycin (88.9%), sulfonamides (72.2%), imipenem (66.6%), streptomycin (55.6%), nitrofurantoin (33.3%), doxycycline (33.3%), tetracyclines (33.3%), and gentamicin (5.6%) | [41] |
| C. portucalensis | Layer poultry | Narayanganj | Resistant to polymyxin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolones, and macrolide antimicrobial groups. Complete genome harbored following 8 AMR genes: dfrA12 (trimethoprim); sul1 and sul2 (sulfonamide); mph (A) (macrolide); tet (A) (tetracycline); qnrS1 and qnrB13 (fluoroquinolone); blaCMY-39 ESBL, blaTEM-176 (non-ESBL) and aadA2, aph (30)-Ia, aph (300)-Ib, aph (30)-Ic, aph (30)-Id, strA, strB (aminoglycoside) | [42] |
| Pasteurella spp.; Bacillus spp. | Apparently healthy Japanese quails | Mymensingh | Resistant to erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (Quantitative data not available) | [32] |
| Staphylococcus spp. | Apparently healthy Japanese quails; frozen chicken rinse; newly hatched chicks from broiler and layer flocks | Mymensingh, Gazipur, Chattogram | Resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin (100%) and kanamycin (100%), oxytetracycline (100%), doxycycline (80%), and ciprofloxacin (77.5%) | [27,32,43] |
| Campylobacter spp. | Hatcheries, broiler farms, and LBMs; broiler meat | Mymensingh, Gazipur, and Tangail | C. jejuni: Ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (58-66%), tetracycline (60-72.72%), streptomycin (21-25%), erythromycin (44-59.09%), azithromycin (19-20%), nalidixic acid (77.27%), ciprofloxacin (41-45.45%), and norfloxacin (25-54.54%) 49-86.36% C. jejuni isolates were MDR C. coli: Ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (43-61%), tetracycline (43-66.67%), gentamycin (10-22.22%), erythromycin (43-77.77%), azithromycin (18-19%), nalidixic acid (44.44%), ciprofloxacin (23-26%), and norfloxacin (49-66.67%) 42-100% C. coli isolates were MDR | [21,44] |
MDR=Multidrug resistance, LBMs=Live bird markets, E. coli=Escherichia coli, ESBL=Extended-spectrum β-lactamase, C. portucalensis=Citrobacter portucalensis, C. jejuni=Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli=Campylobacter coli