Table-2.

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial species reported in dairy and other animals of Bangladesh from January 2011 to June 2020.

Name of bacteria	Source	Area (District)	Spectrum of antibiotic resistance (%)	Reference
E. coli	Cattle of intensive and free-range farming systems; cow dung, milk, milkers’ hand wash, soil, water, and vegetables of dairy farms; milk from mastitis affected cows; feces of goats; wild Irrawaddy squirrels	Dhaka, Mymensingh, Chattogram, Sirajganj, Satkhira, Rajshahi, Cox’s bazar and Bandarban	Azithromycin (100%), amoxicillin (60.26-100%), ampicillin (65.38-100%), cephalexin (53.8%), nalidixic acid (86%), tetracycline (89.44-100%), erythromycin (83-88.89%), oxytetracycline (78.89%), sulfamethoxazole (100%), and ertapenem (66.67%), streptomycin (47.44-100%) and gentamicin (37.18%) tetA and SHV resistance genes were prevalent among the AMR E. coli isolates	[17,18,45,47-51]
Salmonella spp.	Cow dung, milk, milkers’ hand wash, soil, water, and vegetables of dairy farms; wild Irrawaddy squirrels	Mymensingh, Cox’s bazar and Bandarban	Amoxicillin (42.6%), erythromycin (87.5%), tetracycline (28.6-86.76%), oxytetracycline (75.73%) and ertapenem (50%), colistin sulfate (28.6%), cephalexin (71.4%) tetA and SHV resistance genes were prevalent among the AMR Salmonella isolates	[17,51]
Bacillus spp.	Milk from mastitis affected cows	Dhaka, Chattogram, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Satkhira, Rajshahi	Doxycycline, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and erythromycin (60.0–84.0%), streptomycin (70-100%)	[18,45,47,48]
Streptococcus spp.	Milk from mastitis affected cows	Mymensingh, Rajshahi	Resistant to streptomycin (70-100%), amoxicillin (30-100%), and ampicillin (60-100%)	[45]
Staphylococcus spp.	Milk from mastitis affected cows; wild Irrawaddy squirrels	Dhaka, Chattogram, Gazipur, Mymensingh Satkhira, Rajshahi, Cox’s bazar and Bandarban	Amoxicillin (42-100%), ampicillin (73–100%), streptomycin (70-100%), tetracycline (30.8-88%), doxycycline (73.0–88.0%), ciprofloxacin (49.6%), colistin sulfate (53.9%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (30.8%), cephalexin (61.5%); chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin (50.0–58.0%)	[18,45-48,51]
Yersinia spp.	Wild Irrawaddy squirrels	Cox’s bazar and Bandarban	Amoxicillin (69.2%), tetracycline (46.2%), colistin sulfate (53.9%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (30.8%), cephalexin (53.8%), ciprofloxacin (7.7%), gentamycin (15.4%)	[51]
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Shigella	Milk from mastitis affected cows	Dhaka, Mymensingh, Chattogram, Gazipur, Sylhet	Doxycycline, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and ampicillin (70.0–100.0%); ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and chloramphenicol (30.0–70.0%).	[18]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Pus from abscess of cattle	Mymensingh	Resistant to ampicillin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and amoxicillin	[52]
Vibrio Cholerae	Milk from cows, water and feces from farm environment	Mymensingh	Resistant to erythromycin (95.23%), azithromycin (76.9%) and ampicillin (52.38%)	[53]
Bacterial species not identified	Feces and waste-water of dairy farm and veterinary clinics	Dhaka	Bacterial isolates were significantly resistant to three aminoglycoside antibiotics-gentamycin, kanamycin and streptomycin	[19]
Bacterial species not identified	Bovine livers sold at retail meat shops	Chattogram	Tetracycline (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), oxacillin (100%), erythromycin (53.33%), ciprofloxacin (40%), doxycyclin (26.66%) and ampicillin (6.67%)	[54]

E. coli=Escherichia coli