Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of selected participants.
| Total sugar intake (gm) | Q1 (0.14-63.68) | Q2 (63.69-103.86) | Q3 (103.91-156.45) | Q4 (156.64-1061.96) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1336 | 1335 | 1335 | 1336 | |
| PSA log2 transform (ng/mL) | 0.00 (-3.84-5.32) | 0.07 (-3.84-5.23) | -0.04 (-3.84-5.32) | -0.20 (-3.84-5.32) | <0.001 |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 61.15 (12.29) | 61.03 (12.56) | 59.36 (12.74) | 54.82 (11.65) | <0.001 |
| Poverty to income ratio, mean ± SD (years) | 2.55 (1.58) | 2.75 (1.64) | 2.85 (1.60) | 2.85 (1.63) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 7.18 | 6.10 | 7.79 | 6.10 | |
| Other Hispanic | 4.87 | 4.13 | 2.40 | 2.99 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 70.66 | 74.78 | 77.60 | 79.50 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 9.73 | 8.87 | 9.06 | 10.18 | |
| Other race/ethnicity | 7.56 | 6.12 | 3.15 | 1.23 | |
| Education (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 10.19 | 9.14 | 6.68 | 4.31 | |
| High school | 37.03 | 30.33 | 34.70 | 39.32 | |
| More than high school | 52.78 | 60.53 | 58.62 | 56.37 | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Married | 74.18 | 73.11 | 73.08 | 72.68 | |
| Single | 21.70 | 21.05 | 25.31 | 19.46 | |
| Living with a partner | 4.12 | 5.84 | 1.61 | 7.86 | |
| Variables of laboratory data | |||||
| VITD, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 57.83 (22.06) | 60.38 (22.39) | 61.68 (21.51) | 61.88 (21.25) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mean ± SD (mg/dL) | 113.91 (35.87) | 120.84 (37.13) | 118.25 (34.96) | 119.68 (33.06) | 0.004 |
| HDL-C, mean ± SD (mg/dL) | 50.03 (16.35) | 48.81 (14.33) | 48.70 (13.71) | 46.66 (13.61) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mean ± SD (mg/dL) | 131.50 (32.00-2566.00) | 134.00 (21.00-2100.00) | 132.00 (24.00-2693.00) | 141.00 (26.00-2397.00) | 0.054 |
| C-reactive protein, mean ± SD (mg/dL) | 0.20 (0.01-18.10) | 0.19 (0.01-13.70) | 0.19 (0.01-13.90) | 0.19 (0.01-18.50) | 0.972 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 6.16 (1.33) | 5.94 (1.21) | 5.77 (1.04) | 5.72 (1.01) | <0.001 |
| Medical examination and personal life history | |||||
| Body mass index, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 28.99 (5.63) | 28.67 (5.37) | 28.82 (5.63) | 28.88 (6.14) | 0.534 |
| Physical activity (MET-based rank) (%) | <0.0001 | ||||
| Sits | 29.08 | 21.05 | 18.44 | 16.24 | |
| Walks | 45.04 | 55.43 | 46.46 | 47.66 | |
| Light loads | 17.47 | 17.00 | 25.16 | 23.12 | |
| Heavy work | 8.41 | 6.52 | 9.94 | 12.98 | |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life | 0.0896 | ||||
| Yes | 61.00 | 57.05 | 57.12 | 57.47 | |
| No | 39.00 | 42.95 | 42.88 | 42.53 | |
| Dietary interview—individual foods | |||||
| Drinking alcohol (gm) first day | 19.29 (39.28) | 14.37 (34.47) | 12.57 (28.96) | 10.93 (30.12) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||||
| Hypertension history | <0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 46.56 | 46.54 | 34.17 | 36.03 | |
| No | 53.44 | 53.46 | 65.83 | 63.97 | |
| Diabetes history | <0.0001 | ||||
| Yes | 24.52 | 14.01 | 7.93 | 3.17 | |
| No | 75.48 | 85.99 | 92.07 | 96.83 | |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.0314 | ||||
| Yes | 8.75 | 9.42 | 5.22 | 5.80 | |
| No | 91.25 | 90.58 | 94.78 | 94.20 | |
| Stroke | 0.5012 | ||||
| Yes | 3.82 | 4.21 | 2.96 | 2.60 | |
| No | 96.18 | 95.79 | 97.04 | 97.40 | |
| Enlarged prostate | 0.0753 | ||||
| Yes | 14.92 | 20.38 | 15.97 | 14.60 | |
| No | 85.08 | 79.62 | 84.03 | 85.40 |
Q1–Q4: grouped by quartile according to the total sugar content of the dietary intake group.