Table 3.

Traditional medicinal applications of various parts of Withania somnifera

Plant part used	Uses	References
Roots	Treatment of asthma, bronchitis, leucoderma, tuberculosis, liver problems, heart disorders, and arthritis Act as an antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neurotic regenerator Show adaptogenic activity, nootropic effect, hypothyroid activity, herbicidal potential, abortifacient astringent, aphrodisiac, and emmenagogue,	[7,85,87,94, 117-122,123-130,131-133]
Leaves	Treatment of ulcers, painful swelling, external pains, syphilis, hemorrhoids, eyesores, boils, and edema Act as aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hepatoprotective, anti-arthritic, anti-cancerous, and pesticidal	[118,119,134-147]
Seeds	Act as a diuretic, narcotic, and hypnotic	[148]
Fruits	Treatment of ulcer and tuberculosis Act as antihelmintic	[40,149]
Leaves, roots, and stem	Act as antibacterial, antitumor, and herbicidal	[150-154]
Whole plant	Act as an antidote, insecticidal, larvicidal, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neurotic regenerator, adaptogenic hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective	[11,55,155-163]