Table 2.
Adjusted* associations of community and community feature variables from separate models with new onset type 2 diabetes status
| Variable | OR (95% CI) |
| Community types | |
| Model 1: administrative community type | |
| Township | 1 |
| Borough | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) |
| City census tract | 1.34 (1.25 to 1.44) |
| Model 2: residential location, urban/rural | |
| Rural | 1 |
| Urbanised area | 1.14 (1.08 to 1.21) |
| Urban cluster | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) |
| Model 3: combined location† | |
| Township/rural | 1 |
| Township/urban cluster | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) |
| Township/urbanised area | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.16) |
| Borough+city census tract/rural | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.15) |
| Borough/urban cluster | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) |
| Borough/urbanised area | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) |
| City census tract/urban cluster | 1.41 (1.22 to 1.62) |
| City census tract/urbanised area | 1.33 (1.22 to 1.45) |
| Model 4: county‡ | |
| Luzerne | 1 |
| Blair | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.95) |
| Centre | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.94) |
| Juniata | 1.19 (1.00 to 1.40) |
| Lackawanna | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.31) |
| Lebanon | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.93) |
| Monroe | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.88) |
| Schuylkill | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) |
| Sullivan | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.81) |
| Union | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93) |
| Community features, all communities combined | |
| Model 5: community socioeconomic deprivation, quartiles§ | |
| 1 | 0.82 (0.76 to 0.88) |
| 2 | 0.87 (0.81 to 0.93) |
| 3 | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.96) |
| 4 | 1 |
| Model 6: greenness (normalised difference vegetation index)¶ | |
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 0.88 (0.85 to 0.93) |
| 3 | 0.84 (0.80 to 0.88) |
*Logistic regression models using generalised estimating equations with robust SEs; one community or community feature variable was in the model at a time; models adjusted for sex, race (white vs non-white), ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic), age (age, age2, age3) and Medical Assistance status.
†This is a combination of administrative community type and residential location (urban/rural); the few persons in city census tract/rural were combined with borough/rural.
‡Only counties with CI excluding 1.0 are shown in table. Luzerne County was selected as the reference group because it is the most populous county in the study region.
§Quartile cutoffs were defined within the three time periods; the range of values for persons in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were −25.06 to −1.82; −1.99 to 0.10; 0.005 to 2.05; and 1.89 to 12.4, respectively.
¶The range of values in T1, T2 and T3 were 0.07 to 0.627; 0.63 to 0.756; and 0.76 to 0.94, respectively.