TABLE 1.
List of ligands that could activate TLRs
| DAMPs | PAMPs | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLR1 | β‐defensin 3 | Lipoarabinomannan (mycobacteria), triacyl lipoproteins, peptidoglycan (Gram‐positive bacteria), zymosan (fungi) | 85, 86 |
| TLR2 | Heat‐shock protein 60 (HSP60), HSP70, HSP96, high‐mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), hyaluronic acid, human cardiac myosin and biglycan | Lipoprotein (bacteria), peptidoglycan (Gram‐positive bacteria), lipoteichoic acid (Gram‐positive bacteria), lipoarabinomannan (mycobacteria) and zymosan (fungi) | 86, 87, 88 |
| TLR3 | mRNA | Viral dsRNA (WNV, RSV) | 88 |
| TLR4 | HSP22, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1, fibronectin, fibrinogen, hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate and biglycan | LPS (Gram‐negative bacteria) and envelope proteins (MMTV and MMLV) | 7, 8 |
| TLR5 | Flagellin (bacteria) | 87 | |
| TLR6 | Diacyl lipopeptides (mycoplasma), peptidoglycan (Gram‐positive bacteria) and zymosan (fungi) | 87, 88 | |
| TLR7 | Endogenous RNA | Viral single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) | 9 |
| TLR8 | Endogenous RNA | Viral single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) | 9 |
| TLR9 | Endogenous DNA | Unmethylated CpG motifs (bacteria and viruses) and haemozoin (plasmodium) | 9, 10 |