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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetes. 2008 Feb 19;57(5):1166–1175. doi: 10.2337/db07-1556

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

Baseline MAPRs (A) and the insulin-induced changes in MAPRs (B) obtained from 13 nondiabetic Northern European Americans, 13 nondiabetic Asian Indians, and 13 diabetic Asian Indians matched for sex. ATP production rate measurements were made in the presence of six different substrate combinations: succinate plus rotenone (SR), pyruvate plus malate (PM), glutamate plus malate (GM), palmitoyl-l-carnitine plus α-ketoglutarate plus malate (PPKM), α-ketoglutarate, and palmitoyl-l-carnitine plus malate (PCM). C: Baseline mitochondrial citrate synthase activity. D and E: mtDNA copy numbers assessed using primers and probes directed to mitochondrial-encoded genes NADH dehyrogenase 1 (D) and Cytochrome B (E) normalized to 28 s. ANCOVA was used to test the main effect of group adjusted for age, sex, and percent fat. Post hoc analyses were conducted using the Fisher’s least significant differences criterion when the main effect for group was significant at P < 0.05. The data were log normalized for analysis.