Table 4.

Effects of school delivery mode(s), teacher hours, and parent hours on children’s independent learning time

	Probability that children have independent learning time		Number of independent learning hours
	coeff	s.e.	coeff	s.e.
Household and respondent characteristics
Household type (married couple omitted)
Single female	−0.005	0.008	−0.110	0.163
Single male	−0.004	0.015	0.236	0.358
Number of children <18	−0.004	0.004	0.196a	0.071
R age	0.001	0.000	0.026a	0.007
R is working female	−0.003	0.005	−0.267c	0.162
Respondent education (<HS degree omitted)
HS degree or GED	−0.016	0.010	−0.060	0.438
Some college or AA degree	0.001	0.011	0.448	0.290
4-year college	0.013	0.010	0.529c	0.313
R race/ethnicity (white non-Hispanic omitted)
Black non-Hispanic	0.046a	0.011	0.933a	0.252
Hispanic	0.038a	0.008	0.300c	0.175
Asian	0.042a	0.011	1.183a	0.289
Other	0.027b	0.013	0.429	0.339
Covid-19 Shocks
Lost employment income	0.003	0.005	0.237	0.160
Food insufficiency	−0.007	0.004	0.273	0.261
Rent or mortgage late last month	0.002	0.006	−0.028	0.208
Not at work due to Covid-19 illness	−0.013	0.024	−0.394	0.535
R-reported school delivery mode(s), live teacher hours, and parent hours; tech access (canceled entirely is omitted)
Online
No teacher or parent hours	−0.314a	0.012	−3.258a	0.221
Parent hours, no teacher hours	0.413a	0.012	3.066a	0.227
Teacher hours, no parent hours	0.298a	0.021	2.016a	0.499
Both teacher and parent hours	0.485a	0.014	5.757a	0.237
Online and paper with:
No teacher or parent hours	−0.330a	0.014	−3.434a	0.181
Parent hours, no teacher hours	0.397a	0.017	3.075a	0.256
Teacher hours, no parent hours	0.083b	0.039	−0.771	0.667
Both teacher and parent hours	0.494a	0.011	4.951a	0.452
Technology access problems	−0.025a	0.009	−0.327	0.207
State and week fixed effects	Yes		Yes
Adjusted R2 or pseudo-R2	0.563		0.034
Number of observations	96,668		96,668

All regressions are run using sample weights. Standard errors are clustered at the state level.

^a Statistically significant at 1% level

^b Statistically significant at 5% level

^c Statistically significant at 10% level