Table 3.
Association between healthcare utilization and comorbidity cluster within 1 year of HF diagnosis
| Rate ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| N = 314,936 | N = 292,768 | N = 11,955 | |
| Outcome and comorbidity cluster | |||
| Outpatient visits | |||
| Low-burden | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Metabolic-vascular | 2.33 (2.30, 2.36) | 2.01 (1.98, 2.04) | 1.96 (1.84, 2.08) |
| Ischemic | 1.91 (1.89, 1.93) | 1.73 (1.71, 1.75) | 1.70 (1.60, 1.81) |
| Anemia | 2.32 (2.26, 2.37) | 2.11 (2.06, 2.16) | 1.89 (1.67, 2.14) |
| Metabolic | 1.24 (1.22, 1.25) | 1.17 (1.15, 1.20) | 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) |
| Office visits | |||
| Low-burden | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Metabolic-vascular | 1.29 (1.28, 1.31) | 1.32 (1.31, 1.33) | 1.23 (1.17, 1.28) |
| Ischemic | 1.30 (1.29, 1.31) | 1.35 (1.34, 1.37) | 1.28 (1.23, 1.34) |
| Anemia | 1.15 (1.13, 1.17) | 1.16 (1.15, 1.18) | 1.26 (1.16, 1.38) |
| Metabolic | 1.08 (1.07, 1.09) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) |
| Long-term care stays | |||
| Low-burden | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Metabolic-vascular | 2.87 (2.78, 2.96) | 2.54 (2.46, 2.62) | 2.75 (2.32, 3.26) |
| Ischemic | 3.06 (2.95, 3.14) | 2.26 (2.19, 2.33) | 2.38 (2.01, 2.82) |
| Anemia | 2.22 (2.10, 2.33) | 1.77 (1.67, 1.86) | 2.41 (1.81, 3.21) |
| Metabolic | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.21 (1.17, 1.26) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.38) |
| Hospitalizations | |||
| Low-burden | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Metabolic-vascular | 2.86 (2.78, 2.96) | 2.11 (2.08, 2.15) | 2.02 (1.86, 2.19) |
| Anemia | 2.22 (2.78, 2.96) | 1.64 (1.59, 1.68) | 1.85 (1.59, 2.16) |
| Ischemia | 3.04 (2.95, 3.14) | 2.11 (2.07, 2.15) | 1.99 (1.83, 2.17) |
| Metabolic | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.09) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) |
| Length of stay for hospitalizations | |||
| Low-burden | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Metabolic-vascular | 2.70 (2.97, 3.08) | 2.58 (2.52, 2.65) | 2.60 (2.28, 2.95) |
| Ischemic | 2.43 (2.37, 2.49) | 2.48 (2.41, 2.54) | 2.44 (2.14, 2.77) |
| Anemia | 2.39 (2.29, 2.50) | 2.08 (2.01, 2.16) | 2.29 (1.85, 2.80) |
| Metabolic | 1.25 (1.21, 1.27) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.35) |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, RR rate ratio, ref. reference
aAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, medical insurance status, whether diagnosis was gained inpatient or in outpatient and HF medications; patients with missing data were excluded
bAdjusted for age, sex, race, education, medical insurance status, whether diagnosis was gained inpatient or in outpatient and HF medications, ejection fraction, smoking status; patients with missing data were excluded