Table 1.
Mean Differences in Social Exclusion and Subjective Well-being
| Mean (SD) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Nordic | Western | Central and Eastern | Southern | Significance | |
| Social exclusion | ||||||
| Material resources | 2.94 (0.87) | 3.44 (0.65) | 3.34 (0.67) | 2.31 (0.79) | 2.85 (0.84) | .000 |
| Civic participation | 1.90 (0.95) | 2.09 (0.97) | 2.18 (1.01) | 1.55 (0.89) | 1.74 (0.91) | .000 |
| Social relations | 4.47 (1.74) | 5.07 (1.40) | 4.83 (1.49) | 3.59 (1.83) | 4.75 (1.76) | .000 |
| Basic services | 5.45 (2.63) | 6.53 (2.22) | 6.43 (2.19) | 3.71 (2.47) | 5.51 (2.59) | .000 |
| Neighborhood cohesion | 2.90 (0.34) | 3.20 (0.76) | 2.88 (0.86) | 3.02 (0.76) | 2.70 (0.84) | .000 |
| Subjective well-being | ||||||
| Being satisfied with life | 6.83 (2.34) | 8.06 (1.50) | 7.58 (1.71) | 5.95 (2.17) | 6.92 (1.96) | .000 |
| Being happy | 7.14 (2.11) | 8.09 (1.56) | 7.72 (1.74) | 6.12 (2.35) | 7.13 (2.11) | .000 |
| General health | 3.20 (0.92) | 3.63 (0.87) | 3.50 (0.87) | 2.74 (0.79) | 3.14 (0.88) | .000 |
Note: Material resources (feeling about household’s income); civic engagement (ability to participate in politics); social relations (meeting with friends, relatives or colleagues); basic services (state of health services); and neighborhood cohesion (feeling of safety in local area after dark).