Table 1.
List of All the Biomarkers Reviewed in This Study and the Tissue Required for Determining the Metrics
| Biomarker | Tissue Type | References |
|---|---|---|
| Blood cytology (CBC): ALR, NLR | Peripheral blood | 20–23 |
| Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells | Peripheral blood | 24–30 |
| Peripheral T lymphocytes: Cm/Eff T cell ratio, Eff Memory cell counts | Peripheral blood | 31,34 |
| Peripheral T lymphocytes: Treg counts | Peripheral blood | 32,33,38 |
| Peripheral T lymphocytes: Activated, IFNγ expressing T cell counts | Peripheral blood | 35,36 |
| Peripheral T lymphocytes: Clonal expansion if T cells, number of T cell large clones | Peripheral blood | 34–36 |
| Cytokines and chemokines in blood: IFNγ, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, IL-6, and IL-8 | Peripheral blood | 8,22,39–44 |
| Circulating tumor DNA: Changes in total ctDNA, ctDNA with hotspot mutations, Extracellular vesicles | Peripheral blood/ CSF for brain tumors | 45–53 |
| Gut microbiota | Feces | 18,54–56 |
| Immune scoring: Type and location of intratumoral T lymphocytes -CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, CD68, CD163, CECR1, and PDGFB in the tumor core, invasive margin and distant metastasis | Intratumoral | 63–71 |
| DNA mismatch repair dysfunction: Mutation-associated neoantigens and MSI | Intratumoral | 72–79 |
| TCR diversity and clonality | Intratumoral | 35,78,82–86 |
| Role of supporting cells in predicting immune response B cells and neurons | Intratumoral | 87–99 |
MSI, microsatellite instability; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; TCR, T cell receptor.