Table 3.
Multivariable association of sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables with any depression* among adolescent boys and girls
| Variables | Adolescent boys (n=4761) | Adolescent girls (n=4808) | ||||||
| Crude odds ratio (COR) (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (COR) (95% CI) | P value | Crude odds ratio (COR) (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (COR) (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 10–14 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 15–17 | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.38) | 0.028 | 1.35 (1.12 to 1.63) | 0.002 | 1.49 (1.29 to 1.72) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.20 to 1.74) | <0.001 |
| 18–19 | 1.25 (1.02 to 1.55) | 0.035 | 1.44 (1.11 to 1.86) | 0.006 | 1.89 (1.58 to 2.26) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.51 to 2.45) | <0.001 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Non-slum urban | 1.10 (0.92 to 1.32) | 0.275 | NA | NA | 1.69 (1.44 to 1.99) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.27 to 1.92) | <0.001 |
| Slum | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.11) | 0.305 | NA | NA | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26) | 0.793 | 0.94 (0.75 to 1.18) | 0.576 |
| Educational status | ||||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Partial primary | 0.96 (0.65 to 1.43) | 0.846 | NA | NA | 0.79 (0.44 to 1.42) | 0.43 | 0.97 (0.52 to 1.82) | 0.922 |
| Complete primary | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.45) | 0.831 | NA | NA | 0.7 (0.38 to 1.27) | 0.238 | 0.83 (0.44 to 1.58) | 0.577 |
| Partial secondary | 0.95 (0.64 to 1.40) | 0.797 | NA | NA | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.65) | 0.786 | 0.97 (0.53 to 1.80) | 0.931 |
| Complete secondary or above | 1.15 (0.76 to 1.76) | 0.5 | NA | NA | 1.53 (0.85 to 2.77) | 0.159 | 1.19 (0.63 to 2.26) | 0.594 |
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Partial primary | 1.37 (1.10 to 1.69) | 0.004 | 1.34 (1.06 to 1.69) | 0.015 | 1.35 (1.1 to 1.65) | 0.004 | 1.42 (1.14 to 1.76) | 0.002 |
| Complete primary | 1.14 (0.93 to 1.40) | 0.196 | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.57) | 0.045 | 0.96 (0.8 to 1.17) | 0.704 | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.29) | 0.666 |
| Partial secondary | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.54) | 0.008 | 1.34 (1.08 to 1.67) | 0.009 | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.32) | 0.233 | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.52) | 0.06 |
| Complete secondary or above | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.48) | 0.225 | 1.57 (1.13 to 2.19) | 0.007 | 1.37 (1.11 to 1.71) | 0.004 | 1.35 (0.99 to 1.84) | 0.062 |
| Paternal education | ||||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Partial primary | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) | 0.734 | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.38) | 0.598 | 0.88 (0.7 to 1.1) | 0.252 | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.07) | 0.161 |
| Complete primary | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.29) | 0.652 | 1.13 (0.9 to 1.43) | 0.282 | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.07) | 0.196 | 0.9 (0.73 to 1.12) | 0.35 |
| Partial secondary | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.44) | 0.077 | 1.37 (1.09 to 1.71) | 0.006 | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.1) | 0.315 | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.13) | 0.384 |
| Complete secondary or above | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.37) | 0.259 | 1.42 (1.06 to 1.89) | 0.019 | 1.27 (1.06 to 1.53) | 0.011 | 1.15 (0.88 to 1.51) | 0.319 |
| Maternal occupation | ||||||||
| Housewife | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Other | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.18) | 0.698 | NA | NA | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.19) | 0.884 | NA | NA |
| Paternal occupation | ||||||||
| Salaried staff | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Farmer | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.07) | 0.142 | 1.46 (1.14 to 1.88) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.7 to 1.13) | 0.351 | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.37) | 0.773 |
| Day labourer | 1.25 (0.99 to 1.57) | 0.058 | 1.3 (0.97 to 1.75) | 0.084 | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) | 0.804 | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.42) | 0.438 |
| Business | 1.29 (1.03 to 1.62) | 0.029 | 1.7 (1.32 to 2.19) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.52) | 0.059 | 1.29 (1.03 to 1.63) | 0.029 |
| Others | 1.28 (1.02 to 1.62) | 0.034 | 1.6 (1.24 to 2.06) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.28) | 0.781 | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.41) | 0.443 |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Muslim | 1.38 (1.20 to 1.59) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.34) | 0.113 | 1.42 (1.25 to 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.45) | 0.017 |
| Other than Muslim | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Household size | ||||||||
| ≤4 | 1.38 (1.20 to 1.59) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.34) | 0.119 | 1.42 (1.25 to 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.45) | 0.017 |
| ≥5 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Less than 5-year-old household member | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.29) | 0.253 | NA | NA | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.38) | 0.014 | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.23) | 0.626 |
| 6–9-year-old household member | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 1.26 (1.08 to 1.47) | 0.003 | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.57) | 0.001 | 1.51 (1.31 to 1.75) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.10 to 1.53) | 0.002 |
| Another adolescent household member | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 1.40 (1.22 to 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.14 to 1.57) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.35) | 0.009 | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.26) | 0.313 |
| Elderly household member | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.19) | 0.815 | NA | NA | 1.08 (0.94 to 1.25) | 0.272 | NA | NA |
| Food security status of household | ||||||||
| Food secure | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0.67 (0.56 to 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.52 to 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.59 to 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.92) | 0.003 |
| Moderate food insecurity | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) | 0.397 | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.56) | 0.485 | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.67) | 0.108 | 1.33 (0.98 to 1.81) | 0.066 |
| Severe food insecurity | 1.77 (1.46 to 2.15) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.17 to 1.79) | 0.001 | 1.62 (1.34 to 1.95) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.33 to 2.02) | <0.001 |
| Household use of fuel | ||||||||
| Clean | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Unclean | 1.39 (1.17 to 1.66) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.13 to 1.7) | 0.002 | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) | 0.534 | NA | NA |
| Household wealth | ||||||||
| Richest | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.28) | 0.744 | NA | NA | 1.36 (1.11 to 1.66) | 0.003 | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.33) | 0.676 |
| Richer | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.28) | 0.775 | NA | NA | 1.10 (0.90 to 1.35) | 0.362 | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21) | 0.797 |
| Middle | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22) | 0.853 | NA | NA | 1.01 (0.82 to 1.24) | 0.94 | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22) | 0.844 |
| Poorer | 0.94 (0.76 to 1.17) | 0.604 | NA | NA | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.22) | 0.943 | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.24) | 0.960 |
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Lifestyle variables | ||||||||
| Any tobacco use | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.41 (1.85 to 3.15) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.61 to 2.92) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.54 to 2.02) | 0.897 | NA | NA |
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables intake | ||||||||
| Insufficient (<5 servings per day) | 1.17 (0.92 to 1.49) | 0.205 | NA | NA | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.16) | 0.412 | NA | NA |
| Sufficient (≥5 servings per day) | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Processed food intake | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.18 (0.98 to 1.41) | 0.076 | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.50) | 0.029 | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25) | 0.296 | NA | NA |
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Consumption of fortified oil | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 2.06 (1.74 to 2.43) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.55 to 2.25) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.35 to 1.80) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.36 to 1.90) | <0.001 |
| Consumption of iodised salt | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 2.00 (1.74 to 2.31) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.61 to 2.23) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.49 to 1.96) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.54 to 2.12) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Insufficient (<150 minutes of moderate or <75 minutes of vigorous physical activity or equivalent/week) | 1.20 (1.04 to 1.39) | 0.012 | 1.24 (1.06 to 1.46) | 0.006 | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.54) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.25 to 1.67) | <0.001 |
| Sufficient (≥150 min of moderate or ≥75 minutes of vigorous physical activity or equivalent/week) | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Television viewing time/day | ||||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| ≤60 minutes | 1.06 (0.9 to 1.25) | 0.47 | 1.07 (0.9 to 1.27) | 0.463 | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.01) | 0.061 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.17) | 0.889 |
| 61–120 minutes | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.23) | 0.994 | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.28) | 0.788 | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.44) | 0.035 | 1.40 (1.16 to 1.69) | <0.0001 |
| ≥121 min | 1.91 (1.51 to 2.42) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.51 to 2.51) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.58 to 2.39) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.59 to 2.49) | <0.001 |
| Anthropometric variable | ||||||||
| Weight | ||||||||
| <30 kg | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| ≤30–<50 kg | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.39) | 0.136 | 1.07 (0.87 to 1.32) | 0.519 | 1.38 (1.12 to 1.7) | 0.003 | 1.12 (0.87 to 1.45) | 0.384 |
| ≥50 kg | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.24) | 0.902 | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.07) | 0.145 | 1.74 (1.37 to 2.21) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.76 to 1.40) | 0.856 |
P value was significant at <0.05.
*The cut-off of PHQ-9 score ≥5 was categorised as any depression for this analysis.