Table 3.

Changes in HbA1c and psychological measures over 12-month follow-up in participants with PHQ-9 ≥5 or GAD-7 ≥10 (ie, at least mild symptoms of depression or anxiety) (n=22)

Measure	Baseline	12 months	Net change: baseline to 12 months	P value
Those with at least mild symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥5 or GAD-7 ≥10)
Baseline HbA1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD)	82.1 (17.7)	75.5 (13.9)	−6.6	0.07
Baseline PHQ-9 score, mean (SD)	6 (2.5)	4.3 (1.5)	−1.7	0.129
Baseline GAD-7 score, mean (SD)	5.8 (3.8)	1.5 (1.7)	−4.3	0.031
Baseline DDS score, mean (SD)	48.8 (11.3)	45.4 (9.6)	−3.4	0.37
Those who did not have significant symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥5 or GAD-7 ≥10)
Baseline HbA1c, mmol/mol, mean (SD)	95.4 (15.5)	91.1 (16.1)	−4.3	0.18
Baseline PHQ-9 score, mean (SD)	1 (1.2)	3.9 (5.2)	+2.9	0.028
Baseline GAD-7 score, mean (SD)	0.5 (0.7)	0 (0)	−4.3	0.114
Baseline DDS score, mean (SD)	48.8 (11.3)	45.4 (9.6)	−3.4	0.5

Values in bold are those with a statistically significant (p<0.05) change from baseline to 12 months.

DDS, Diabetes Distress Scale; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (a measure of symptoms of anxiety); PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire (a measure of depressive symptoms).