Table 2.
Summary of peer-reviewed non-RCT studies on prophylactic candidates against COVID-19 and/or SARS-CoV-2
| Study |
P(r)EP details |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Year | Country | Study type | P(r)EP type | Molecule or combination | Molecule type | Host | Host details | Sample size | Study conclusions |
| Revollo [20] | 2020 | Spain | Cross-sectional | PrEP | HCQ | Antimalarial | Human | HCQ | 69 intervention arm; 418 control arm | No observed effect |
| Simova [19] | 2020 | Bulgaria | Cross-sectional | PEP | HCQ | Antimalarial | Human | HCW | 156 intervention arm; 48 control arm | No COVID-19 in intervention; 3 cases in control arm |
| Jones [21] | 2020 | USA | Animal | PrEP | Neutralizing antibody | Antibody | Animal | Macaque | Not specified | Reduced virus replication |
| Kaptein [25] | 2020 | Belgium | Animal | PrEP | HCQ; favipiravir | Antimalarial; antiviral | Animal | Syrian hamster | Not specified | HCQ showed No observed effect; high doses of favipiravir significantly reduced infectious titre |
| Li [22] | 2020 | USA | Animal | PrEP | Monoclonal antibodies | Antibody | Animal | Mice and hamster | Not specified | High efficacy |
| Maisonnasse [31] | 2020 | France | Animal | PrEP | HCQ | Antimalarial | Animal | Macaque | 13 | No observed effect |
| Rogers [23] | 2020 | USA | Animal | PrEP | Neutralizing antibodies | Antibody | Animal | Syrian hamster | Not specified | 50% reduction in disease (measured by weight loss) |
| Rosenke [26] | 2020 | USA and UK | Animal | PrEP | HCQ | Antimalarial | Animal | Hamster; rhesus macaque | 30 Hamsters; 10 macaques | No observed effect |
| Tortorici [24] | 2020 | USA | Animal | PrEP | Antibodies | Antibody | Animal | Syrian hamster | Not specified | Notable protective efficacy |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 19; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HCW, healthcare workers; HR, hazard ratio; IgG1, immunoglobulin G1; PEP, postexposure prophylaxis; PrEP, preexposure prophylaxis; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; VH-Fc, heavy variable domain fragment crystallization region.