Table 1.
Patient demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19-infected patients with positive and negative pneumococcal urinary antigen. Descriptive statistics are summarised using frequencies and percentages or medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). p values were calculated using χ2 for categorical and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables using SPSS v.26. p values < 0.05 were considered significant
| Pneumococcal Ag positive, n = 87 | Pneumococcal Ag negative, n = 830 | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) median (range) | 68 | (27–92) | 65 | (21–97) | 0.090 |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Female | 50 | (57%) | 285 | (34%) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Spanish | 65 | (75%) | 625 | (75%) | 0.897 |
| Foreign-born | 22 | (25%) | 205 | (25%) | 0.108 |
| Latin-American | 15 | (17%) | 178 | (21%) | 0.409 |
| Indian/ Pakistan | 5 | (6%) | 5 | (1%) | 0.001 |
| Moroccans | 3 | (3%) | 23 | (3%) | 0.730 |
| Comorbidities (%) | 63 | (72%) | 535 | (65%) | 0.156 |
| Hypertension | 41 | (47%) | 411 | (50%) | 0.736 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29 | (33%) | 210 | (25%) | 0.123 |
| Obesity | 19 | (22%) | 143 | (17%) | 0.301 |
| Malignancy | 13 | (15%) | 74 | (9%) | 0.082 |
| Chronic lung disease | 10 | (11%) | 96 | (12%) | 0.949 |
| Laboratory results, median (range) | |||||
| White cell count (10 × 9/L) | 8 | (1–30) | 7 | (1.3–3.3) | 0.982 |
| Lymphocytes (10 × 9/L) | 1.1 | (0.3–3.7) | 1.05 | (0.1–3.1) | 0.352 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 111 | (7–434) | 87 | (1–594) | 0.396 |
| d-Dimer (ng/mL) | 1020 | (250–5100) | 860 | (3–20000) | 0.279 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||
| Length of stay (days), median (range) | 9 | (1–35) | 9 | (1–90) | 0.982 |
| Intensive care unit admission (%) | 8 | (9%) | 132 | (16%) | 0.117 |
| 30-day mortality (%) | 15 | (17%) | 129 | (16%) | 0.644 |
| Radiological findings (chest X ray) (%) | |||||
| Bilateral infiltrates | 73 | (84%) | 741 | (89%) | 0.105 |
| Consolidation | 14 | (16%) | 24 | (3%) | 0.001 |
| No infiltrates/interstitial changes | 0 | (0%) | 62 | (8%) | 0.001 |