Table 3.

Vocabulary of opioid substances. Starting from a candidate expansion set E-, comprising 297 unique terms, the final expansion terms considered equivalent to a substance were gathered in the same class.

Substance	Terms	Δ volume, %a
Heroin	bthb, diacetylmorphine, diamorphine, dope, ecpb, goofball, goofballs, gunpowder, h, herionb, heroinb, heroine, heron, smack, speedball, speedballing, speedballsb, tar	62
Buprenorphine	bup, bupeb, buprenorphineb, butransb, sub, suboxoneb, subutexb, zub, zubsolvb	61
Hydrocodone	hydro, hydrocodoneb, hydrocodonesb, lortabb, lortabsb, norcob, norcosb, tuss, tussionexb, vic, vicoden, vicodinb, vicodinsb, vicoprofenb, vicsb, vikes, viks, zohydrob	38
Codeine	cocodamol, codeinb, codeineb, codieneb, codine, dhc, dihydrocodeineb, prometh, sizzurp, syrup	28
Oxymorphone	g74, opanab, opanas, oxymorphoneb, panda	25
Tramadol	desmethyltramadol, dsmt, tram, tramadolb, ultramb	22
Hydromorphone	dil, dilauded, dilaudidb, dilaudids, dilliesb, dilly, dillys, diluadidb, hydromorphb, hydromorphoneb	21
Oxycodone	15s, 30s, codone, contin, ms, oc, ocs, oxyb, oxycodoneb, oxycontinb, oxycontins, oxycotinb, oxysb, percb, percocetb, percocetsb, percoset, percosets, percsb, perk, roxib, roxicodoneb, roxieb, roxiesb, roxisb, roxyb, roxycodoneb, roxysb	14
Morphine	kadian, morph, morphineb	5
Fentanyl	acetylfentanylb, butyr, butyrfentanyl, carf, carfent, carfentanilb, carfentanyl, duragesicb, fentb, fentanylb, fents, fentynal, fetanyl, furanyl, sufentanil, u47700	4
Antagonist	nalaxoneb, naloxoneb, naltrexone, narcanb, narcon, revia, viv, vivitrolb	1
Methadone	mdone, methadoneb, methodoneb	1

^aThe increase in the volume of occurrences of a substance using the terms in the expanded vocabulary compared with only using the terms in .

^bTerm in .