Table 1.

Factor loadings for the FRAS-PL

Factors and items	Factor loadings	p
Factor 1. Family communication and problem solving (FCPS)
1.Our family structure is flexible to deal with the unexpected	0.59	< 0.001
6. We all have input into major family decisions	0.68	< 0.001
7. We are able to work through pain and come to an understanding	0.69	< 0.001
8. We are adaptable to demands placed on us as a family	0.70	< 0.001
9. We are open to new ways of doing things in our family	0.66	< 0.001
10. We are understood by other family members	0.78	< 0.001
14. We can ask for clarification if we do not understand each other	0.80	< 0.001
15. We can be honest and direct with each other in our family	0.76	< 0.001
16. We can blow off steam at home without upsetting someone	0.56	< 0.001
17. We can compromise when problems come up	0.74	< 0.001
18. We can deal with family differences in accepting a loss	0.61	< 0.001
20. We can question the meaning behind messages in our family	0.77	< 0.001
23. We can talk about the way we communicate in our family	0.81	< 0.001
24. We can work through difficulties as a family	0.83	< 0.001
25. We consult with each other about decisions	0.75	< 0.001
26. We define problems positively to solve them	0.67	< 0.001
27. We discuss problems and feel good about the solutions	0.79	< 0.001
28. We discuss things until we reach a resolution	0.73	< 0.001
29. We feel free to express our opinions	0.74	< 0.001
30. We feel good giving time and energy to our family	0.73	< 0.001
40. We learn from each other’s mistakes	0.62	< 0.001
41. We mean what we say to each other in our family	0.69	< 0.001
46. We share responsibility in the family	0.69	< 0.001
48. We tell each other how much we care for one another	0.70	< 0.001
52. We try new ways of working with problems	0.55	< 0.001
53. We understand communication from other family members	0.72	< 0.001
54. We work to make sure family members are not emotionally or physically hurt	0.61	< 0.001
Factor 2. Utilizing social and economic resources (USER)
11. We ask neighbors for help and assistance	0.33	< 0.001
19. We can depend upon people in this community	0.76	< 0.001
31. We feel people in this community are willing to help in an emergency	0.78	< 0.001
32. We feel secure living in this community	0.80	< 0.001
38. We know there is community help if there is trouble	0.81	< 0.001
39. We know we are important to our friends	0.72	< 0.001
43. We receive gifts and favors from neighbors	0.32	< 0.001
49. We think this is a good community to raise children	0.78	< 0.001
Factor 3. Maintaining a positive outlook (MPO)
13. We believe we can handle our problems	0.70	< 0.001
21. We can solve major problems	0.88	< 0.001
22. We can survive if another problem comes up	0.90	< 0.001
34. We feel we are strong in facing big problems	0.67	< 0.001
36. We have the strength to solve our problems	0.73	< 0.001
51. We trust things will work out even in difficult times	0.64	< 0.001
Factor 4. Family connectedness (FC)
2. Our friends value us and who we are	0.59	< 0.001
33. We feel taken for granted by family members	0.68	< 0.001
37. We keep our feelings to ourselves	0.73	< 0.001
45. We seldom listen to family members’ concerns or problems	0.65	< 0.001
47. We show love and affection for family members	0.91	< 0.001
50. We think we should not get too involved with people in this community	0.40	< 0.001
Factor 5. Family spirituality (FS)
12. We attend church/synagogue/mosque services	0.92	< 0.001
35. We have faith in a supreme being	0.83	< 0.001
42. We participate in church activities	0.97	< 0.001
44. We seek advice from religious advisors	0.64	< 0.001
Factor 6. Ability to make meaning of adversity (AMMA)
3. The things we do for each other make us feel a part of the family	0.93	< 0.001
4. We accept stressful events as a part of life	0.62	< 0.001
5. We accept that problems occur unexpectedly	0.61	< 0.001