TABLE 1.
Summary of the production of fatty acid-based bioproducts from the Y. lipolytica platform.
| Type | Target | Strain | Genetic manipulation | Production level | References |
| Nutraceuticals | DHA | Y. lipolytica Po1h:Af4 | Expression of artificial pfa-BGC version C1_V2. | 350 mg/L (after 300 h) | Gemperlein et al., 2019 |
| EPA | Y. lipolytica Y4305 | Expression of C16 elongase gene, Δ12- desaturase gene, Δ9- elongase gene, Δ8- desaturase gene, Δ5- desaturase gene, Δ17- desaturase gene. Deletion of PEX10 gene. | 56.6% of total fatty acid | Xue et al., 2013 | |
| EPA | Y. lipolytica Y4184 | Deletion of Ylsnf1. | 7.6% of the DCW | Seip et al., 2013 | |
| EPA | Y. lipolytica Z7344 | Expression of desaturases and elongases genes. Two-stage continuous fermentation. | 48% of total lipids | Xie et al., 2017 | |
| Trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Y. lipolytica Polh-1292oPAI-5 | Expression of PAI gene. | 5.9% of total fatty acid | Zhang B. X. et al., 2012 | |
| Trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Y. lipolytica Polh-1292-spopai-d12-16 | Expression of FADS12, d12 from Mortierella alpine and opai gene. | 16% of DCW | Zhang B. X. et al., 2013 | |
| CLA | Y. lipolytica JMY3479, CLIB 3039 | Overexpression of oPAI and Δ12-desaturase from Mortierella alpine | 302 mg/L | Imatoukene et al., 2017 | |
| Trans-10, cis-12 CLA | Y. lipolytica WXYL037 | Overexpression of inherent diacylglycerol transferase gene, Δ12-desaturase from Mortierella alpina and isomerase gene from Propionibacterium acnes. | 132.6 mg/L | Wang et al., 2019 | |
| GLA | Y. lipolytica pYLd6d12 | Co-expression of fungal Δ6-desaturase and Δ12-desaturase genes | 20% of GLA from endogenous LA and OA | Chuang et al., 2010 | |
| GLA | Y. lipolytica Po1f-6-D | Expression of Δ6-desaturase gene from Mortierella alpine | 71.6 mg/L | Sun et al., 2017 | |
| ARA | Y. lipolytica YL 6-1 | Expression of Δ6-desaturase, Δ6-elongase and Δ5- desaturase from Mortierella alpine. | 0.4% of total lipids | Liu et al., 2017a | |
| ARA | Y. lipolytica YL 6-1 | Transfer extracellular organic acids to the synthesis of intracellular ARA. | 0.42% of total lipids | Liu et al., 2017b | |
| ARA | Y. lipolytica RH-4 | Enzyme fusion of Δ9- elongase and Δ8- desaturase with the rigid linker (GGGGS) | 118.1 mg/L | Liu H. H. et al., 2019 | |
| RA | Y. lipolytica JMY2556 | Expression of CpFAH12 from C. purpurea. Overexpressing the native LRO1. | 43% of total lipids | Beopoulos et al., 2014 | |
| RA | Y. lipolytica CYLxR | Overexpression of SCD1, DGA1, LIP2 and CpFAH12. | 2.2 g/L | Guo et al., 2018 | |
| Odd-chain FAs (C17:1) | Y. lipolytica CCY 29-26-36 | Utilization propionate as substrate. | 38% of total lipids | Kolouchová et al., 2015 | |
| Odd-chain FAs (mainly C15:0, C17:0 and C17:1) | Y. lipolytica JMY3776 | Overexpression of ADH5. Deletion of ADH6 | 0.57 g/L, 0.75 g/L (Fed-batch) | Park et al., 2018a | |
| Odd-chain FAs | Y. lipolytica JMY7412 | Overexpression of the aspartate/α-ketobutyrate pathway | 0.36 g/L | Park et al., 2020 | |
| Biofuels | Fatty alcohols (C10) | Y. lipolytica Δpex10:FATcpa/FAR | Overexpression of FAR from Arabidopsis thaliana and FAT from C. palustris. Deletion of the major peroxisome assembly factor Pex10. | Over 500 mg/L | Rutter and Rao, 2016 |
| Fatty alcohols (C16) | Y. lipolytica Tafar1-5copy-Δdga1 fao1 strain | Expression of FAR gene from Barn owl. | 636.89 mg/L (intracellular), 53.32 mg/L (extracellular) | Wang et al., 2016 | |
| Fatty alcohols | Y. lipolytica Maqu2220-EcfadD | Expression of fatty acyl-CoA reductase Maqu2220 from Marinobacter aquaeolei and fadD from E. coli. Compartmentalization | 2.15 g/L (in a 3-L bioreactor) | Xu et al., 2016 | |
| FAEE | Y. lipolytica AD strain | Expression of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 wax-ester synthase AbAtfA. Overexpression of a peroxisomal/mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase, perCat2. Mixtures of dextrose and canola oil. Compartmentalization | 142.5 mg/L | Xu et al., 2016 | |
| FAEE | Y. lipolytica GQY20 | Expression of WS gene from Marinobacter sp. Deletion of PEX10 gene. | 1.18 g/L (containing 5 vol% ethanol) | Gao et al., 2018 | |
| FAEE | Y. lipolytica YL6 | Expression of pdc and adhB from Z. mobilis and maqu_0168 from Marinobacter sp. Deletion of mfe1, gut2, pex10. With vegetable cooking oils (VCOs). | 82 mg/L | Ng et al., 2019 | |
| FAEE | Y. lipolytica Po1g:pYLP1A1GAMh and S288C | Expression of PDC1, ADH1, GAPDH and MhAtfA. Co-culture. | 4.8 mg/L | Yu et al., 2020 | |
| C19 cyclopropanated fatty acids | Y. lipolytica ENGR-HPH:ycoCFA-NAT:ycoCFA | Expression of CFA synthase from E. coli. | 3.03 g/L | Markham and Alper, 2018 | |
| FFAs | Y. lipolytica JMY5743 | Overexpression of DGA2, TGL4, KlTGL3. Deletion of faa1, mfe1. | 10.4 g/L | Ledesma-Amaro et al., 2016 | |
| FFAs | Y. lipolytica AD strain | Overexpression of hybrid hFAS-EcTesA. | 9.67 g/L (in a 3-L bioreactor) | Xu et al., 2016 | |
| FFAs | Y. lipolytica Y-4311 | Overexpression of ACC1. Deletion of gpd1, gut2, pex10. | 2033.8 mg/L | Yuzbasheva et al., 2018 | |
| Alkanes (C5) | Y. lipolytica PO1f-Δmfe1 | Deletion of mfe1. | 4.98 mg/L | Blazeck et al., 2013 | |
| Alka(e)nes | Y. lipolytica AD strain | Expression of MmCAR, BsuSfp and PmADO. | 23.3 mg/L | Xu et al., 2016 | |
| Alkenes (mainly C15 and C17) | Y. lipolytica S07004 | Expression of CvFAP (S121F) from Chlorella variabilis. Utilization half-light intensity. | 58.7 mg/L (Fed-batch) | Bruder et al., 2019 | |
| Biochemicals | γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica PO1d strain | Expression of acyl-CoA oxidase gene. | 16.3 mg/g⋅h | Pagot et al., 1997 |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica Δpox2Δpox3 | Deletion of POX1 and POX5 genes. | 170 mg/L (2 L bioreactor) | Wache et al., 2001 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica JMY185 | Possession of multiple copies of POX2 gene. Deletion of POX3 and POX5 genes. | 150 mg/L | Waché et al., 2002 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica W29 | Increase O2 solubility | 300 mg/L (2 L bioreactor) | Aguedo et al., 2005 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica W29 | Oxygen mass transfer in a biphasic medium. | 141 mg/L (2 L bioreactor) | Gomes et al., 2007 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica W29 | Optimization operating conditions of substrate concentration, biotransformation start-up procedure and oxygen transfer. | 87 mg/g⋅h | Gomes et al., 2010 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica W29 | Strategies of fed-batch culture. | 73 mg/g (Intermittent fed-batch) | Gomes et al., 2012 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica ATCC20460 | Cell Immobilization. | 1597 mg/L | Braga and Belo, 2013 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica DSM 3286 | Supply of oxygen | 220 mg/L (Fed-batch) | Moradi et al., 2013 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica G3-2.21 | Genome shuffling of the haploid cells and the parent strains CGMCC 2.1405. | 3.75 g/L | Zhao et al., 2014 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica W29 | The direct influence of oxygen transfer rate. | 215 g/L (Fed-batch) | Braga and Belo, 2014 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica w-YLG | Cell immobilization in attapulgite along with the use of ionic liquid as a cosolvent. | 8.05 g/L (Fed-batch) | Zhao et al., 2015 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica CCMA 0242 | Optimization of cultivation conditions. | 0.128 g/L | Pereira de Andrade et al., 2017 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica CCMA 0357 | Optimization of cultivation conditions. | 3.5 g/L | Soares et al., 2017 | |
| γ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica CGMCC 2.2087 | Cell immobilization with BC-ALG carriers. | 8.37 g/L | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| δ-decalactone | Y. lipolytica KCTC 17170 | Expression of linoleate 13-hydratase from L. acidophilus. | 16.3 mg/(L⋅h) | Kang et al., 2016 | |
| HFAs (ω-HDDA) | Y. lipolytica H222ΔPΔAΔF | Deletion of POX1-6, all relevant ADH genes and FAO1. | 7.9 g/L | Gatter et al., 2014 | |
| DCAs (C12) | H222ΔP | Deletion of POX1-6. | 11 g/L | Gatter et al., 2014 | |
| DCAs (C12) | Y. lipolytica iYLI647 | In silico model-based metabolic engineering. | ND | Mishra et al., 2018 | |
| DCAs (C12) | Y. lipolytica MTLY 37 | Deletion of pox2, pox3, pox4, pox5. | 20 mg/mL | Smit et al., 2005 | |
| Hexanal | Y. lipolytica PO1d-HPL | Expression of HPL gene. | 350 mg/L (Reaction medium) | Bourel et al., 2004 | |
| Hexanal | Y. lipolytica JMY 861 | Expression the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) gene from green bell pepper fruit. Under oxido-reducing conditions. | 600 mg/L | Santiago-Gómez et al., 2009 | |
| Hexanal | Y. lipolytica JMY 861 | Overexpression of ADH from S. cerevisiae. | Increased by 84.1% | Aziz et al., 2016 | |
| CFA (C17 and C19) | Y. lipolytica JMY 6068 | Expression of CFAs from E. coli. | 2319 mg/L | Czerwiec et al., 2019 |
ND, not determine.