Table 3. OR for current smokers vs non-smokers (never and ex-smokers combined) and corresponding 95% CI in the European population aged ≥15 years, overall and by sex, according to selected individual-level and country-specific characteristics.^a TackSHS Project, 2017–2018.

Characteristics	Nb	Current smoking
		Total		Men		Women
		%	OR (95% CI)c	%	OR (95% CI)c	%	OR (95% CI)c
Individual level characteristics
Sex
Women	6,270	21.2	1d
Men	5,632	31.0	1.67 (1.53–1.82)
Age group, years
<25	1,446	24.5	1d	29.4	1d	19.1	1d
25–44	4,079	31.1		36.6		26.0
45–64	4,330	28.9	0.97 (0.89–1.07)	33.3	0.93 (0.82–1.05)	24.9	1.03 (0.90–1.17)
≥65	2,047	11.8	0.31 (0.27–0.36)	16.8	0.36 (0.29–0.43)	7.8	0.26 (0.21–0.33)
P for trend			<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Level of educatione
High	3,241	24.4	1d	27.4	1d	21.5	1d
Medium	4,172	29.4	1.39 (1.25–1.55)	36.0	1.56 (1.35–1.82)	23.2	1.23 (1.05–1.45)
Low	4,486	23.6	1.32 (1.17–1.48)	28.7	1.38 (1.18–1.61)	19.2	1.25 (1.06–1.48)
P for trend			<0.001		<0.001		0.012
Household economic statusf
Higher than average	1,588	20.9	1d	23.3	1d	18.4	1d
Average	6,264	25.9	1.33 (1.15–1.54)	29.6	1.38 (1.13–1.69)	22.4	1.29 (1.05–1.60)
Lower than average	2,905	31.5	2.05 (1.74–2.42)	38.8	2.27 (1.80–2.85)	26.0	1.90 (1.50–2.41)
P for trend			<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Country-specific characteristics
Geographic area
Northern Europe	2,976	20.1	1d	21.1	1d	19.2	1d
Western Europe	2,049	26.9	1.58 (0.98–2.56)	34.3	2.17 (1.35–3.48)	20.0	1.13 (0.66–1.94)
Southern Europe	4,085	26.2	1.52 (0.93–2.49)	30.5	1.77 (1.09–2.87)	22.2	1.35 (0.78–2.34)
Eastern Europe	2,792	28.2	1.57 (0.92–2.70)	33.1	1.87 (1.10–3.18)	24.0	1.37 (0.75–2.50)
GDP per capita
>25.000 €	6,088	24.7	1d	30.0	1d	19.9	1d
≤25.000 €	5,814	29.9	1.22 (0.82–1.81)	34.6	1.16 (0.73–1.85)	25.8	1.30 (0.87–1.95)

CI, confidence interval; GDP, gross domestic product; OR, odds ratio.

^aCountry weights were applied, which combined individual weights with an additional weighting factor, with each country contributing in proportion to its population aged 15 years or over, obtained by Eurostat.²⁴

^bRaw sample size.

^cORs and their corresponding 95% CIs were estimated using multilevel logistic random-effects models, to take into account the heterogeneity between the 12 European countries. The study country effects were considered as random intercepts, and sex, age and level of education as adjusting variables. Estimates in bold are statistically significant at 0.05 level.

^dReference category.

^eLevel of education was categorized as country-specific tertiles of schooling years. The sum does not add to the total because of a few missing values.

^fSelf-assessment of household (family) economic status relative to the country-specific population. This variable is missing for all German subjects, 79 Latvian and, 35 Romanian subjects.