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. 2021 Jan 5;11:595055. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.595055

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Copyright © 2021 Shao, Cheng, Pang, Chang, He, Wang, Davis, Zhang, Betz, Fleck, Dai, Madahhosseini, Wilkop, Jernstedt and Drakakaki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression analysis of candidate genes in salinity stress in almond rootstocks. RT-qPCR analysis of the expression level of candidate salinity stress genes in E1, C5, and K86 under control conditions and 150 mM NaCl treatment for 3 days. (A-C) SOS genes show a significant upregulation in salt-treated samples in E1. (D,E) Candidate genes involved in the sequestration of Na⁺ in vacuoles. NHX1 is upregulated in all genotypes in response to salinity stress. NHX2 is upregulated threefold in C5 plants. (F,G) Candidate genes involved in Na⁺ transport are upregulated in response to salinity stress, with AKT1 showing a higher upregulation in E1. (H) Proline biosynthesis is upregulated in response to salinity stress in all three genotypes, with a weaker response in K86. (I) The abiotic stress signaling pathway is highly upregulated in E1, but not C5 or K86. (J-L) Candidate genes involved in suberin biosynthesis show more significant upregulation compared to lignin biosynthesis. KCS1 shows a significant upregulation of expression in E1 compared to downregulation in C5 and K86. Values are means ± SE (n = 12). ^*p < 0.05.