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. 2021 Jan 18;11:1740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81039-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Exposure to MSC-derived s-EV affects the molecular phenotype of activated microglia. Enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of s-EV^IFN-γ-MSC. RT-PCR quantification of genes associated with a pro- (Tnf, Il1b and Il18) and anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective (Cx3cr1, Cd206 and Nr4a2) phenotype in LPS-activated N9 cells. ^#P < 0.05 (Il18), ^###P < 0.001 (Tnf; Il1b; Cx3cr1; Cd206; Nr4a2): untreated (N9) vs LPS-activated N9 cells (N9 + LPS); *P < 0.05 (Tnf; Il18; Cd206), **P < 0.01 (Il1b; Il18; Cd206), ***P < 0.001 (Cxcr3): N9 + LPS vs N9 + LPS exposed for 24 h to s-EV^IFN-γ-MSC (N9 + LPS + s-EV^IFN-γ-MSC) or s-EV^MSC (N9 + LPS + s-EV^MSC); ^§P < 0.05 (Nr4a2), ^§§P < 0.05 (Cx3cr1): N9 + LPS + s-EV^IFN-γ-MSC vs N9 + LPS + s-EV^MSC. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments conducted in triplicates.