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. 2021 Jan 18;11:1729. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81292-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study enrolment. Data on 44,668 neonates born at NICUs participating in the Neonatal Research Network of Japan from January 2003 to December 2015 were available. Each of 4,584 neonates in the HDP and non-HDP groups was selected from eligible infants (HDP, n = 4,629; non-HDP, n = 17,030) after stratification matching using four factors, including maternal age, parity, weeks of gestation, and year of delivery. *Items not mutually exclusive. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.