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. 2020 Dec 31;24(1):102012. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102012

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© 2020 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Microneedle arrays (MNAs) comprised of 3D-printed holder arrays and ultra-fine needles for dermal interstitial fluid extraction

(A) 3D-printed MN holder with attached needles, coated with a silicone lubricant to lessen the insertion pain (scale bar: 1 cm). MN holders not only do affect the extraction rate by applying pressure on the surroundings of the insertion site but they also protect the fragile MN during the insertion process by an unskilled patient.

(B) The fabricated MNA being used for dermal interstitial fluid extraction in a human subject. The extracted fluid was collected in the glass capillary tubes (scale bar: 1 cm) (Miller et al., 2018). Adapted with permission from (Miller et al., 2018). Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.