Table 5.

The clinical application of exosomes from three sources

HAD-MSC-derived exosomes	HUC-MSC-derived exosomes	HBMSC-derived exosomes
Enhance the formation of blood vessels in fat transplantation [70] Promote wound healing [71] Regulate albinism and pigmentation in Moynahan syndrome [71] Improve multiple scleroderma [70] Improve the prognosis of melanoma, and reduce hair loss [71] Increase the sensitivity of liver cancer to chemotherapy drugs [84] Promote apoptosis of tumour cells and inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation [84] Improve Dox-induced cardiomyopathy [85] Protect the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis [86] Improve motor and sensory functions [87]	Inhibition of transplanted vein intimal hyperplasia [88] Inhibition of endometrial cancer cell proliferation; tumour homing abilities [89] Reduce neurological damage and brain oedema; neuroprotection, anti-ageing effect, used in human aesthetic treatments [90] Inhibit infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) [88, 89] Development of COVID-19 drugs [91, 92]	Promotion of myeloma cell proliferation [1, 84] Inhibition of multiple myeloma cell proliferation [20] Immunomodulators; form vascular structures and support haematopoiesis [93] Improve osteoporosis and treatment of cartilage damage, osteoarthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [93] Transmit signals and proteins [94] Antagonise the cellular effects of U87 MG glioblastoma cells [15]