Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and baseline medication use by presumed resistant hypertension status
| Characteristic | No resistant hypertension (N = 5,441) | Resistant hypertension (N = 1,579) |
|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 1,543 (28.4) | 461 (29.2) |
| Age, years | 62.7 ± 8.7 | 64.8 ± 8.3 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.2 ± 5.2 | 32.2 ± 5.1 |
| Time since T2D diagnosis, years | ||
| ≤1 | 143 (2.6) | 37 (2.3) |
| >1–5 | 906 (16.7) | 177 (11.2) |
| >5–10 | 1,382 (25.4) | 364 (23.1) |
| >10 | 3,010 (55.3) | 1,001 (63.4) |
| LDL-C, mg/dl | 86.5 ± 36.3 | 82.4 ± 33.7 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 75.8 ± 21.4 | 68.1 ± 20.5 |
| <60 | 1,239 (22.8) | 580 (36.7) |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 1,256 (23.1) | 381 (24.1) |
| CADa, n (%) | 4,065 (74.7) | 1,243 (78.7) |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 433 (8.0) | 273 (17.3) |
| HbA1c, % | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 8.1 ± 0.8 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 133.4 ± 16.1 | 142.4 ± 18.2 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.4 ± 9.6 | 77.6 ± 10.7 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 1,127 (20.7) | 419 (26.5) |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g, median (Q1, Q3) | 16.8 (6.2, 62.8) | 25.2 (7.1, 116.7) |
| Micro albuminuriab | 1,514 (27.8) | 499 (31.6) |
| Macro albuminuriab | 532 (9.8) | 237 (15.0) |
| Left ventricular hypertrophyc | 101 (2.2) | 39 (2.9) |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.8 |
| Baseline medication use | ||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 5,088 (93.5) | 1,579 (100.0) |
| Beta blockers | 3,197 (58.8) | 1,357 (85.9) |
| Diuretics | 1,456 (26.8) | 1,579 (100.0) |
| ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers | 4,140 (76.1) | 1,526 (96.6) |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 170 (3.1) | 271 (17.2) |
| Statins | 4,097 (75.3) | 1,306 (82.7) |
| Antiplatelets | 4,645 (85.4) | 1,377 (87.2) |
| Metformin | 4,057 (74.6) | 1,136 (71.9) |
| Insulin | 2,447 (45.0) | 940 (59.5) |
All data are n (%) or mean ± SE unless otherwise noted. “Resistant hypertension” was a post hoc presumptive diagnosis. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVH, left ventricular hyperthrophy; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2D, type 2 diabetes UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
aCoronary artery disease defined as any of the components of history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, multivessel coronary artery disease, and single vessel coronary artery disease.
bDefined as microalbuminuria UACR 30 to ≤300 mg/g; macroalbuminuria UACR >300 mg/g.
cDefined on ECG as RV5/V6 + SV1/V2 >3.5 mV or RaVL ≥1.3 mV plus ≥1 of the following: left atrial abnormality, left axis deviation, and ST- and/or T-wave changes consistent with LVH.