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. 2021 Jan 14;13:393–401. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S281886

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© 2021 Zhang et al.

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Theoretical model of the mediation of hope on the association between perceived stress and PTSD symptoms. c: total effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms; a: association of perceived stress with hope; b: association between hope and PTSD symptoms after controlling for the covariate; c’: direct effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms after adding hope ad mediator.