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. 2021 Jan 14;13:393–401. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S281886

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© 2021 Zhang et al.

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Model of the mediation of hope on the association between perceived stress and PTSD. c: total effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms (c = 1.53, p < 0.01); a: association of perceived stress with hope (a = −0.58, p < 0.01); b: association between hope and PTSD symptoms after controlling for the covariate (b = −0.80, p < 0.01); c’: direct effect of perceived stress on PTSD symptoms after adding hope ad mediator (c’ = 1.06, p < 0.01). Educational level, smoking, drinking alcohol, familial inheritance and distant metastasis were covariates.