TABLE 1.

The roles of different Wnt ligands in HNSCC.

Wnt ligands	Type of Wnt signaling	HNSCC Cell lines	Type of HNSCC	Function	References
Wnt1	Canonical	SCC1483, SNU1076	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Promote invasion, inhibit apoptosis	Rhee et al., 2002; Zhang C. et al., 2019
Wnt3	Canonical	–	Oral leukoplakia	Cause dysplasia	Ishida et al., 2007
Wnt3a	Canonical	–	Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma	Worse histological grade, advanced clinical stage, and higher cervical lymph node metastatic potential	Zhang D. et al., 2019
Wnt4	Non-canonical	WRO, CAL62, FB2, and BCPAP	Thyroid carcinoma	Reduce migration	Filippone et al., 2014
Wnt5a	Non-canonical	SCC9	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Enhance migration and invasion	Prgomet et al., 2017
Wnt5a	Non-canonical	HTH-74, C-643	Thyroid carcinoma	Decrease proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and clonogenicity	Kremenevskaja et al., 2005
Wnt5a	Non-canonical	CNE-2, 5-8F	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Lead to tumorigenesis and metastasis	Zhu et al., 2014; Qin et al., 2015
Wnt5a	Non-canonical	–	Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma	High tumor stage and lymph node metastasis	Prgomet et al., 2017
Wnt5b	Non-canonical	SAS-LM8	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Enhance migration and invasion	Zhang et al., 2017
Wnt7a	Canonical	HSC3, CAL27	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Promote migration	Sakamoto et al., 2017
Wnt7b	Canonical	DOK, FaDu	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Promote proliferation and invasion	Xie et al., 2020
Wnt10b	Canonical	SNU1076	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	Promote growth and survival, inhibit apoptosis	Shiah et al., 2014
Wnt11	Non-canonical	–	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Suppress tumor	Andrade Filho et al., 2011