TABLE 3.
Study participant demographics, exercise, and clinical information.
| Inactive (n = 22) | Active (n = 23) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 31.5 ± 3.1 | 32.0 ± 3.0 | 0.556 |
| Height (cm) | 165.8 ± 7.1 | 166.5 ± 5.4 | 0.718 |
| Pre‐pregnancy weight (kg) | 66.4 ± 9.7 | 64.1 ± 11.3 | 0.525 |
| Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.6 | 23.3 ± 2.8 | 0.471 |
| 2nd trimester | |||
| MVPA (min/day) | 8.7 ± 5.2 | 43.6 ± 10.1**** | <0.0001 |
| MPA (min/day) | 8.6 ± 5.2 | 36.4 ± 11.9**** | <0.0001 |
| VPA (min/day) | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 9.7**** | <0.0001 |
| LPA (min/day) | 163.4 ± 46.0 | 179.9 ± 62.6 | 0.322 |
| Steps per day | 5083 ± 1515 | 9598 ± 2366**** | <0.0001 |
| Total caloric intake (kcal/day) a | 2134 ± 419.3 | 2416 ± 551.1 | 0.087 |
| CHO (g/day) | 252.5 ± 50.2 | 315.4 ± 74.0** | 0.004 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 21.4 ± 5.6 | 28.8 ± 8.0** | 0.002 |
| Sugars (g/day) | 113.7 ± 37.4 | 137.3 ± 40.2 | 0.069 |
| Protein (g/day) | 91.6 ± 24.4 | 91.5 ± 21.7 | 0.989 |
| Fats (g/day) | 86.3 ± 22.4 | 93.4 ± 26.3 | 0.384 |
| 3rd trimester | |||
| MVPA (min/day) | 6.9 ± 5.9 | 23.2 ± 14.0*** | 0.0004 |
| MPA (min/day) | 6.8 ± 5.8 | 21.2 ± 12.0*** | 0.0003 |
| VPA (min/day) | 0.05 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 8.0 | 0.748 |
| LPA (min/day) | 175.1 ± 40.2 | 165.1 ± 46.3 | 0.528 |
| Steps per day | 5226 ± 2066 | 6693 ± 2085 | 0.054 |
| Total caloric intake (kcal/day) b | 2225 ± 488.6 | 2587 ± 571.8 | 0.104 |
| CHO (g/day) | 273.5 ± 73.9 | 312.7 ± 76.1 | 0.319 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 21.6 ± 5.0 | 27.9 ± 9.0** | 0.003 |
| Sugars (g/day) | 120.4 ± 44.2 | 132.5 ± 41.0 | 0.401 |
| Protein (g/day) | 89.9 ± 18.7 | 102.9 ± 25.4 | 0.279 |
| Fats (g/day) | 87.7 ± 25.3 | 106.1 ± 29.8 | 0.054 |
| Birth | |||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 40.2 ± 1.2 | 40.0 ± 1.0 | 0.448 |
| Mode of delivery |
CS: 4 V: 18 |
CS: 3 V: 20 |
‐ |
| Placental weight (g) | 536.7 ± 97.7 | 472.9 ± 74.2* | 0.017 |
| Offspring sex |
F: 11 M: 11 |
F: 12 M: 11 |
‐ |
| Offspring birth weight (g) | 3468 ± 392.7 | 3263 ± 329.9 | 0.092 |
| Offspring birth length (cm) | 51.0 ± 1.8 | 50.0 ± 2.2 | 0.095 |
| Fetal: placental weight ratio (g/g) | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 0.240 |
| Offspring birth weight percentile | 42.8 ± 25.9 | 32.1 ± 22.0 | 0.116 |
| Offspring body fat percentage (%) | 17.52 ± 2.8 | 17.35 ± 2.7 | 0.830 |
| Offspring weight‐for‐length z‐score | −0.35 ± 1.1 | −0.25 ± 1.0 | 0.755 |
Values are shown as mean ± SD.
For 3rd trimester physical activity data, n = 21 active and n = 13 inactive, where group classifications are based on 2nd‐trimester physical activity.
BMI, body mass index; CS, cesarian section; F, female; M, male; CHO, carbohydrates; LPA, light intensity physical activity; MPA, moderate‐intensity physical activity; MVPA, moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity; VPA, vigorous‐intensity physical activity; V, vaginal.
a
Inactive n = 18 and active, n = 20.
b
Inactive n = 18 and active n = 18.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001,
****
p < 0.0001.