Table 1.
Permutational analysis of variance describing the effects of early-in-life rumen microbial inoculation and time on the rumen community structure
| Community1 | Inoculation | Time | Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-kingdom | |||
| Variance (%) | 21.8 | 16.2 | 9.90 |
| Pseudo-F | 12.3 | 13.7 | 2.79 |
| P-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Bacteria | |||
| Variance (%) | 16.1 | 17.3 | 9.26 |
| Pseudo-F | 8.20 | 13.21 | 2.36 |
| P-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Methanogens | |||
| Variance (%) | 24.9 | 11.5 | 9.07 |
| Pseudo-F | 12.5 | 8.70 | 2.28 |
| P-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Protozoa | |||
| Variance (%) | 14.5 | 9.07 | 6.28 |
| Pseudo-F | 6.79 | 4.23 | 1.47 |
| P-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.096 |
| Anaerobic fungi | |||
| Variance (%) | 30.4 | 1.73 | 4.41 |
| Pseudo-F | 8.45 | 1.44 | 1.23 |
| P-value | < 0.001 | 0.192 | 0.193 |
1Microbial data were log10 transformed and only Spearman’s correlations coefficients ρ > 0.3 (green) or ρ < −0.3 (red) and p < 0.01 are shown (N = 96). Parameters: milk, concentrate, forage and DM intake (g/d), rumen pH,total volatile fatty acids (mM), acetate (%), propionate, butyrate (%), odd and branched chain fatty acids (%), microbial concentration (log10 copies/mg DM), OTUs richness (−R), plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (mM), blood glucose (mg/dL), average daily gain (g/d) and ADG during the post weaning period (ADG-pw)