Table 1.
Examples of potential biomarkers from extracellular vesicles.
| Body fluid | Disease | Proteins and fatty acids | Nucleic acids | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood | Non-small-cell lung cancer | EGFR, NY-ESO-1, PLAP, EpCAM, Alix, fibronectin, AHSG, and ECM1 | GAS5, miR-17-5p, cytokeratin 19 fragment, carcinoembryonic antigen, and squamous cell carcinoma antigen | 117-121 |
| Breast cancer | HER2, CD47, DEL-1, EpCAM, PKG1, NFX1, RALGAPA2, TJP2 | miR-1246, miR-21, miR-233-3p | 11, 124-127 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Glypican-1, CD44v6, Tspan8, GPC1, EpCAM, MET, CD104, CD82, LysoPC 22:0 | miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-1246, miR-4644, miR-3976, miR-4306 | 45, 46, 128-130 | |
| Colorectal cancer | CD147 | let-7a, miR-1229, miR-1246, miR-150, miR-21, miR-223, miR-23a | 131,132 | |
| Ovarian cancer | Claudin-4, cholesterol ester, zymosterol | miR-21, miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-203, miR-205, miR-214 | 65, 133, 134 | |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Galectin-9 | BART7-3p, BART9-3p, BART17, BART13-3p | 137-140 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | Neurogranin | Unknown | 142 | |
| Parkinson's disease | α-Synuclein | Unknown | 144 | |
| Coronary artery disease | Unknown | SOCS2-AS1 | 145 | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | Unknown | miR-1915-3p, miR-4507, miR-3656, miR-183 | 146 | |
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| Urine | Prostate cancer | FABP5, TGM4, ADSV, Flotilin2, PARK7, phosphatidylserine (18:1/18:1), lactosylceramide (d18:1/16:0) | miR-196a-5p, miR-501-3p, miR-2909 | 67, 149-153 |
| Bladder cancer | α1-antitrypsin, H2B1K, TALDO1, EPS8, CEAM5 | MALAT1, PCAT-1, SPRY4-IT1 | 158-159, 161 | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | CP, PODXL, CD10, MMP9, EMMPRIN, CAIX, DPEP1, DKK4, Synten-in1, and AQP1 | miR-126-3p, miR-449a, miR-34b-5p | 164-165 | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | C-megalin, Elf3, WT1 | mRNA WT1 | 168-171 | |
| Lupus nephritis | Unknown | let-7a, miR-21, miR-21, miR-150, miR-29c | 173-174 | |
| Alzheimer's disease | Aβ1-42, P-S396-tau | Unknown | 175 | |
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| Saliva | Oral squamous cell carcinoma | CD63, CD81, CD9 | miR-517b-3p, miR-302b-3p, miR-412-3p, miR-512-3p, miR-24-3p | 177-179 |
| Lung cancer | BPIFA1, CRNN, MUC5B, IQGAP | Unknown | 181 | |
| Melanoma | Unknown | Melan-A RNA | 182 | |
| Pancreatobiliary tract cancer | Unknown | miR-1246, miR-4644 | 183 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Unknown | Apbb1ip, Daf2, Foxp1, Incenp, Aspn, BC031781, Gng2 mRNA | 184 | |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Unknown | miR-486-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-486-3p | 185-186 | |
| Oral lichen planus | Unknown | miR-4484 | 187 | |
| Periodontitis | Unknown | PD-L1 mRNA | 188 | |
| Sjögren's syndrome | GNA13, APMAP, WDR1, LSP1, SIRPA | Unknown | 191 | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | PSMA7 | Unknown | 192 | |
| Aging process | Unknown | miR-24-3p | 193 | |