Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with obesity.
| All | Men | Women | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 149 | n = 46 | n = 103 | ||
| Age (years) | 45.7±14.3 | 43.3±13.8 | 46.8±14.5 | 0.167 |
| Height (cm) | 161.7±8.5 | 171.3±5.0 | 157.5±5.9 | < 0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 93.0 (80.0–108.9) | 107.9 (96.9–134.1) | 87.2 (77.8–97.9) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.0 (31.7–40.9) | 37.4 (32.5–46.9) | 34.5 (31.4–40.2) | 0.069 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 411.0 (318.4–530.3) | 413.4 (271.8–597.8) | 411.0 (325.5–514.9) | 0.906 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 190.3 (147.2–235.6) | 230.9 (180.0–273.2) | 178.1 (134.9–214.2) | < 0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 41.0 (33.9–49.5) | 42.5 (34.0–60.2) | 39.9 (33.8–49.0) | 0.293 |
| Fat mass/BW (%) | 45.2 (40.6–50.2) | 39.7 (34.7–47.2) | 46.5 (43.5–50.6) | < 0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 28.2 (24.2–32.9) | 36.1 (32.5–40.0) | 25.7 (23.1–28.5) | < 0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle mass/BW (%) | 29.9 (27.1–32.8) | 33.6 (29.3–36.9) | 29.0 (26.7–31.1) | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass (kg) | 20.1 (17.2–24.8) | 26.5 (23.8–28.5) | 18.5 (16.1–20.2) | < 0.001 |
| Appendicular lean mass/BW (%) | 22.0 (19.6–24.5) | 26.1 (21.8–28.1) | 21.1 (19.3–23.1) | < 0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.8 (7.0–8.9) | 9.0 (8.4–9.7) | 7.3 (6.8–8.2) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.0 (128.0–157.0) | 136.0 (128.0–147.0) | 138.0 (127.0–160.0) | 0.638 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.0 (75.0–92.0) | 83.0 (77.0–88.5) | 81.0 (73.0–93.0) | 0.548 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 117.0 (84.5–158.5) | 138.0 (76.8–190.0) | 111.0 (85.0–154.0) | 0.077 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43.0 (39.0–51.5) | 40.0 (33.8–45.5) | 45.0 (41.0–54.0) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.3±28.3 | 110.1±28.3 | 119.1±27.9 | 0.072 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.0 (90.0–107.0) | 97.0 (90.0–111.5) | 96.0 (90.0–106.0) | 0.576 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 (5.5–6.2) | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 5.8 (5.6–6.1) | 0.939 |
| IRI (μU/mL) | 14.8 (9.6–21.6) | 18.5 (14.1–23.6) | 13.0 (8.8–19.7) | 0.005 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.5 (2.3–5.2) | 4.5 (3.0–6.1) | 3.3 (2.0–4.8) | 0.005 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.19 (0.08–0.52) | 0.15 (0.05–0.28) | 0.23 (0.09–0.59) | 0.029 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 25.6 (15.8–38.1) | 16.0 (8.8–24.4) | 29.7 (21.3–42.8) | < 0.001 |
| Irisin (ng/mL) | 22.5 (19.2–27.0) | 21.5 (18.3–27.2) | 22.8 (19.6–27.0) | 0.398 |
| Physical function | ||||
| AT (ml/kg/min) | 11.3 (9.8–12.6) | 11.3 (10.4–12.7) | 11.3 (9.7–12.6) | 0.697 |
| Peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 18.8 (15.3–21.0) | 19.5 (15.9–23.2) | 18.6 (15.2–20.7) | 0.163 |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 147.0 (132.0–160.0) | 143.5 (129.5–155.0) | 149.0 (137.0–161.0) | 0.155 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 26.2 (21.5–30.8) | 35.6 (29.8–42.3) | 23.3 (19.4–27.1) | < 0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/sec) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.3 (1.1–1.3) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 0.407 |
| Leg strength (N-m) | 137.1 (112.2–154.2) | 163.7 (138.6–203.6) | 128.3 (104.4–145.2) | < 0.001 |
| Leg strength/BW (N-m/kg) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.6 (1.4–2.0) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | < 0.001 |
| baPWV (cm/sec) | 1335.8 (1204.9–1514.6) | 1338.0 (1210.9–1460.1) | 1333.5 (1197.5–1525.1) | 0.818 |
| RHI | 1.82 (1.52–2.21) | 1.99 (1.54–2.34) | 1.77 (1.51–2.16) | 0.136 |
| Coronary risk factor | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 62 (41.6) | 25 (54.3) | 37 (35.9) | 0.035 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 39 (26.2) | 18 (39.1) | 21 (20.4) | 0.016 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 24 (16.1) | 13 (28.3) | 11 (10.7) | 0.007 |
| Postmenopausal, n (%) | - | - | 39 (37.9) | - |
| Alcoholic drinks, n (%) | 66 (44.3) | 20 (43.5) | 46 (44.7) | 0.893 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 16 (10.7) | 6 (13.0) | 10 (9.7) | 0.544 |
| Exercise habits, n (%) | 37 (24.8) | 15 (32.6) | 22 (21.4) | 0.142 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard or median (interquartile range).
BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; SMI, skeletal muscle index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; IRI, immunoreactive insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; AT, anaerobic threshold; VO2, oxygen consumption; HR, heart rate; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; RHI, reactive hyperemia index.