Table 1.
Characteristics of participants and factors associated with internal stigma score using bivariable negative binomial regression models (N = 604)
| N(%) or median[IQR] | IRR[95%CI] | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 310 (51.3) | 1 | |
| Female | 294 (48.7) | 1.05 [0.95;1.16] | 0.308 |
| Age (years) | 36 [28–43] | 0.998 [0.993;1.003] | 0.346 |
| Highest level of formal education completed | |||
| No formal education | 153 (25.3) | 1.24 [1.04;1.47] | 0.015 |
| Primary or secondary school | 374 (61.9) | 1.15 [0.98;1.35] | 0.078 |
| Technical college or University | 77 (12.8) | 1 | |
| Current employment status | |||
| Full-time | 141 (23.4) | 1 | |
| Part-time | 161 (26.8) | 0.87 [0.76;1.01] | 0.060 |
| Unemployed and not working at all | 300 (49.8) | 1.02 [0.90;1.15] | 0.774 |
| Lost a job* | |||
| Never or once | 198 (33.6) | 1 | |
| A few times or often | 91 (15.5) | 1.34 [1.15;1.55] | < 0.001 |
| Not applicable | 300 (50.9) | 1.22 [1.09;1.36] | 0.001 |
| Household income in MAD per month (per one thousand unit increase) | 2000 [1000–3000] | 0.976 [0.957;0.995] | 0.013 |
| Current relationship status | |||
| Married or cohabiting | 215 (35.8) | 1 | |
| In a relationship but not living together | 27 (4.5) | 1.09 [0.85;1.39] | 0.484 |
| Single, divorced or separated | 302 (50.2) | 1.13 [1.02;1.26] | 0.023 |
| Widow or widower | 57 (9.5) | 1.01 [0.84;1.21] | 0.947 |
| Belongs to at least one key population | |||
| No | 400 (66.7) | 1 | |
| Yes | 200 (33.3) | 1.20 [1.08;1.33] | < 0.001 |
| Number of years living with HIV | 4 [2–7] | 0.999 [0.989;1.010] | 0.896 |
| Reactions of other adult family members when they first knew about HIV status* | |||
| Very discriminatory or discriminatory | 96 (16.1) | 1.41 [1.22;1.63] | < 0.001 |
| No difference | 95 (15.9) | 1.14 [0.98;1.33] | 0.094 |
| Very supportive or supportive | 169 (28.4) | 1 | |
| Not Applicable | 236 (39.6) | 1.07 [0.95;1.21] | 0.283 |
| Psychological pressure or manipulation by husband or wife or partner in which HIV-positive status was used* | |||
| Never or once | 495 (91.8) | 1 | |
| A few times or often | 44 (8.2) | 1.43 [1.21;1.70] | < 0.001 |
| Avoiding HIV prevention / testing / treatment services for fear of stigmatization by staff | |||
| No | 364 (63.9) | 1 | |
| Yes | 206 (36.1) | 1.21 [1.10;1.34] | < 0.001 |
| Denied health services (including dental care) because of HIV status* | |||
| No | 238 (39.7) | 1 | |
| Yes | 171 (28.6) | 1.35 [1.20;1.51] | < 0.001 |
| Not applicable | 190 (31.7) | 1.0 [0.96;1.21] | 0.216 |
| Confronted, challenged or educated someone who was stigmatizing and/or discriminating *† | |||
| No | 364 (60.8) | 1 | |
| Yes | 235 (39.2) | 1.28 [1.16;1.41] | < 0.001 |
| General perceived health status (current) | |||
| Excellent or very good or good | 297 (49.7) | 1 | |
| Fair or poor | 300 (50.3) | 1.33 [1.21;1.47] | < 0.001 |
*In the last 12 months; † stigma and discrimination against the participant