Table 1.

Common Herbs Used With Potential Impact for Immune Support. Special attention can be given to the lamiaceae family because these botanical plants are closely related, with similar bioactive compounds; therefore, they should have similar benefits. One of the principle and potent compounds, rosmarinic acid, is shared among this family of herbs. The table highlights the countless potential benefits from antioxidants, polyphenols, phytochemicals, and other constituents of all plant parts. The table doesn’t differentiate between method of consumption, cooking, and preparation, but rather spotlights the substantial understanding for the health promoting benefits of eating more herbs and spices. The table also includes garlic and onion because they are commonly used similarity to herbs and spices as well as various teas because they are primarily curated from a mixture of herbs and spices.

Common Name	Binomial Name	Family (botanical)	Herb/Spice; Plant Used	Impact(s) on Immunity / Health Benefit(s)	Bioactive Compound(s)	Research to Support: (Author / year)
Sweet Basil, Holy Basil, Tulsi	Ocimum basilicum L, Ocimum tenuiflorum	Lamiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves and shoots	Antitumor Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antifungal Antiviral Antibacterial	D-Linalool, methyl chavicol, eugenol cineole, apigenin, catechins, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, anthocyanins, limonene, terpinene, carvacrol, geraniol, menthol, safrole, tannins, ursolic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic acids	Singh et al, 201962 Chiang et al, 200563 Jayasinghe et al, 200364 Grayer et al, 199665 Kadhim et al, 201666 Kubiça et al, 201467
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis L	Lamiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves and shoots	Antitumor Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory	Cineole, borneol, linalool, eucalyptol, camphor, bornyl acetate, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, phellandrene, α-terpinene, rosmarinic acid, ditarpenes, carnosic acid, carnosol, caffeic acid, limonene rosmanol	Shin et al, 2013117 Shetty, 1997119 Chohan et al, 2014120
Sage	Salvia officinalis	Lamiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves and shoots	Antitumor Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial Antiviral Antimicrobial	Thujone, borneol, cineole, bornylesters, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, limonene, geraniol saponin, catechins, apigenin, luteolin, phellandrene, α-terpinene, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, flavonoids	Shetty, 1997119 Chohan et al, 2014120 Santoyo et al, 2014121
Thyme	Thymus vulgaris L	Lamiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves and shoots	Antitumor Antioxidant Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Bacterial Antiviral Antimicrobial	Thymol, carvacol, linalool, L-borneol, geraniol, amyl alcohol, β-pinene, camphene, p-cymene, caryophyllene, 1,8 cineole	El-Awady et al, 2014118 Koch et al, 200881
Oregano	Origamum vulgare L	Lamiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves, shoots, and flowers	Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial Antiviral Antimicrobial	Thymol, carvacrol, α-pinene, cineole, linalyl acetate, linalool, dipentene, p-cymene, β-caryophyllene, carnosic acid, carnosol, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, flavonoids, apigegnin, diosmin, luteolin, tannins, camphor, pinene, cineole, quercetin, p-coumaric, protocatechuic acid Diosmetin, myricetin	Shin et al, 2013117Santoyo et al, 2014120 Meneses et al, 2009122 Gilling et al, 2014123 Chun et al, 2005124
Coriander (Cilantro)	Coriandrum sativum	Apiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves, and fruits	Antibacterial Antifungal Anti-inflammatory Antispasmodic Antimicrobial Antioxidant	D-LinaloolD-α-pinene, β-pinene, α and γ-terpinene, gerciniol, borneol, p-cymene, linalool, carvone, limonene, borneol, geraniol, camphor, and elemol, apigenin, rhamnetin, keampferol, quercetin, vanillic acids, rutin, tocopherols, pyrogallol, terpineol, cumene	Pathak Nimish et al, 2011125 Martins et al, 2016126 Nadeem et al, 2013127
Spearmint, Peppermint	Mentha spicata, Mentha X piperita	Lamiaceae	Herb; fresh and dried leaves and shoots	Antimicrobial, antispasmodic, carminative, and antiviral agents Antioxidant Antiulcer Cytoprotective Hepatoprotective Cholagogue Chemopreventive Anti-inflammatory Antidiabetogenic	Menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, β-pinene, α-pinene, sabinene acetate; L-Carvone, terpene, carveol, dihydrocarveol acetate, thujone isomenthone, eriocitrin, hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, rutin, carotenes, tocopherols, caffeic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic acid	McKay & Blumberg, 200668 Singh et al, 201569 Mimica-Dukic & Bozin, 200870 Schuhmacher et al, 200371 Mahboubi & Kazempour, 201472 Yarnell et al, 200973 Keifer et al, 200874
Fenugreek	Trigonella foemum graecum	Fabaceae	Spice, Herb; fresh and dried seeds and leaves	Antiviral Antimicrobial Antitumor Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Hypotensive Antidepressant	apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, vitexin, tricin, naringenin, Sesquiterpenes, aromatic aldehydes, terpenes, saponins	Wang et al, 2011128 Smith, 2003129 Yadav & Baquer, 2014130 Goyal et al, 2016131 Kenny et al, 2013132