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. 2021 Jan 6;10:e63726. doi: 10.7554/eLife.63726

Figure 4. The Hippo pathway regulates muscle morphogenesis.

(A) Flight muscles at 24 hr, 32 hr, 48 hr, and 90 hr after puparium formation (APF) from wild type, yorkie knock-down (independent RNAi lines IR-1 and 2), yorkie-CA, as well as warts and hippo knockdown genotypes stained for actin. The dotted lines highlight the cuticle. Note the too long yorkie-IR muscles but too short yorkie-CA, warts-IR, and hippo-IR muscles at 24 hr and 32 hr APF. (B) Box plot showing muscle fiber length at 24 hr and 32 hr APF of the indicated genotypes. Student’s t-test, *** p-value<0.001, **p value<0.01. (C) Flight muscles at 32 hr and 90 hr APF from pupae expressing either wild-type hippo or Slmap-binding-deficient hippo[4A/431T] (under control of the milder tubulin promoter). The FRT stop cassette is removed by muscle-specific Mef2-GAL4-driven Flp recombinase. All scale bars represent 50 µm.

Figure 4.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1. The Hippo pathway is required for muscle function.

Figure 4—figure supplement 1.

(A) Viability and flight tests comparing wild type (Mef2-GAL4 control) to knockdown or over-expression of Hippo pathway components. (B) Cryo cross-sections of dorsal longitudinal muscle 4 from 24 hr and 32 hr after puparium formation (APF) wild type, Dlg5, Slmap, or yorkie-IR and yorkie-CA pupae. Scale bars represent 10 µm. (C) Line graph showing mRNA expression levels of Dlg5, Slmap, hippo, yorkie, warts, and scalloped during the flight muscle development. Data extracted from Spletter et al., 2018. (D) Longitudinal section of flight muscles at 32 hr APF comparing wild type to hippo-IR, stained for actin and anti-Hippo. Note the decreased levels of Hippo in knock-down muscles. Scale bar represents 50 µm. (E) Flight muscles at 32 hr APF from wild type, co-stained for anti-Hippo and anti-Slmap. Scale bar represents 2 µm.