Table 1.
Subject characteristics in relation to freezing of gait.
| Variable demographics | FOG+ | FOG− | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 64 | 100 | |
| Male (n, %) | 45 (70%) | 67 (67%) | 0.66 |
| Age (y, SD) | 74.0 (10.0) | 70.8 (9.7) | 0.02 |
| Age at PD onset (y, SD) | 61.8 (12.1) | 63.9 (11.0) | 0.86 |
| PD duration (y, SD) | 12.1 (5.9) | 6.9 (5.1) | <0.0001 |
| Duration of L-Dopa Rx | 8.7 (5.5) | 3.8 (4.1) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Motor subtype (n, %) | |||
| Tremor-predominant | 5 (7%) | 47 (47%) | <0.0001 |
| Indeterminate | 2 (3%) | 10 (10%) | |
| PIGD | 57 (89%) | 43 (43%) | |
| Modified H/Y St. 1–2.5 (n, %) | 28 (44%) | 77 (77%) | <0.0001 |
| Modified H/Y St. 3–5 (n, %) | 36 (56%) | 23 (23%) | |
| ≥1 fall in past month (n, %) | 36 (56%) | 19 (19%) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| MDS-UPDRS Subscale scores | |||
| Pt. I: Nonmotor EDL | 10.2 (4.5) | 6.5 (4.0) | <0.0001 |
| Nonmotor EDL score >7 | 47 (73%) | 37 (37%) | <0.0001 |
| Pt II: Motor EDL | 19.4 (8.4) | 10.8 (7.0) | <0.0001 |
| Pt. III: Motor exam | 39.5 (11.3) | 31.3 (13.9) | <0.0001 |
| Bradykinesia score | 17.0 (4.9) | 13.9 (5.9) | 0.0002 |
| Rigidity score | 8.5 (3.1) | 7.7 (3.7) | 0.07 |
| Tremor score | 2.7 (4.1) | 4.8 (4.6) | 1.0 |
| PIGD score | 9.7 (4.8) | 3.8 (3.1) | <0.0001 |
| Balance-gait score | 6.6 (3.3) | 3.5 (2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Pt. IV: Motor complications | 3.8 (3.9) | 1.2 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
| Dyskinesias > 0 (n, %) | 32 (50%) | 18 (18%) | <0.0001 |
| Time in off state > 0 (n, %) | 32 (50%) | 24 (24%) | 0.0006 |
| Functional impact of motor | — | — | — |
| Fluctuations > 0 (n, %) | 31 (48%) | 18 (18%) | <0.0001 |
| Complexity of Mot. Fluct > 0 | 32 (50%) | 22 (22%) | 0.0002 |
| Sum of Mot. Fluct. scores | 2.5 (2.9) | 0.9 (1.8) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Cognition | |||
| Dementia (n, %) | 19 (59%) | 13 (13%) | 0.009 |
| Mild cognitive impairment or dementia (n, %) | 48 (75%) | 50 (50%) | 0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| LED (mg, SD) | 973 (493) | 575 (391) | <0.0001 |
| LD doses/day (mean, SD) | 4.8 (2.0) | 3.1 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Dopamine agonist (n, %) | 30 (47%) | 35 (35%) | 0.13 |
| MAO-B inhibitor (n, %) | 28 (44%) | 46 (46%) | 0.85 |
| Amantadine (n, %) | 12 (19%) | 5 (5%) | 0.005 |
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (n, %) | 11 (18%) | 9 (9%) | 0.10 |
| SSRI/SNRI (n, %) | 16 (25%) | 16 (16%) | 0.18 |
FOG+ and FOG− reference patients with and without freezing of gait, respectively. H/Y St: Hoehn and Yahr Stage; EDL: experiences of Daily Living; Mot. Fluct: motor fluctuations; LED: levodopa equivalent dose; LD: levodopa; MDS-UPDRS subscale scores are listed as mean (SD) and group scores as n (%).