Table 4.

Ways to ameliorate PEW

Optimise nutrition	Regular dietary assessment
	Feed supplements
	Enteral tube feeding
Correct acidosis	Oral bicarbonate supplementation
	Adequate dialysis
Optimise dialysis	Prevention of infection
	Use of fistulae
	Intensified dialysis/HDF
	Water purification
Medication	RhGH
	Lowest possible steroid dosing
	Vitamin D
Exercise	Structured programmes
New treatments on the horizon	Appetite stimulants, manipulation of gut microbiome, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory medications