Table 3.
Description of studies included in the second meta-analysis.
| Study | Experimental group n (females) |
Control group n (females) |
Pooled age | Pooled BMI | Evaluation of psychological comorbidities | Eating scale× | Outcomes● | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale▴ | Reported affective symptoms■ | Current psychiatric comorbidities | |||||||
| Calvo et al., 2014 | 30(18) | 32(17) | 21.13 | 28.77 |
_ |
_ | _ | TFEQ-R18 (uncontrolled eating) |
Inhibition: ANAM4 Go/No-Go task*(reaction time) Working Memory: ANAM4 Running Memory Continuous Performance Task (reaction time) |
| Goldschmidt et al., 2018 | 26(16) | 49(28) | 10.53 | 1.60** | _ | _ | _ | Child EDE (LOC eating frequency) |
Inhibition: BRIEF (T scores) Dimensional Change Card Sort (accuracy and RT), Flanker test (accuracy and RT) Working Memory: List Sorting (accuracy) Others: IGT (T score), TOL (total moves) |
| Kelly et al., 2013 | 50(50) | 66(66) | 19.15 | 23.86 | CES-D, SAI |
NS-Diff in depression and anxiety between groups. Results tested before and after covarying for depression and anxiety (no differences found) | _ | EDE-Q (total number of binge episodes) | Inhibition: CPT-II (commission errors) |
| Maayan et al., 2011 | 54(34) | 37(21) | 17.43 | 32.46 | _ | _ | _ | TFEQ (disinhibition factor) |
Inhibition: Stroop color-word score |
| Macchi et al., 2017 | 311(1 7 9) | _ |
15.7 | 65.58* | _ | _ | _ | DEBQ (emotional eating, external eating), QEWP-A, PFS |
Others: IGT (net score) |
| Rodrigue et al., 2018 | 37(29) | 33(25) | 40.26 | 47.10 | BDI-II, STAI |
S-Diff in depression and anxiety between groups. Depression and anxiety were correlated with BRIEF scores | _ | YFAS, BES |
Inhibition: BRIEF Behavioral regulation Others: BREIF Metacognition, D-KEFS Tower Test (moves accuracy ratio) |
| Sims et al., 2014 | 47(27) | _ |
45.7 | 43.3 | BDI-II | Depression within the sample was relatively low. Depression as covariate | _ | EBPQ (emotional eating) | Inhibition: Stroop Test (interference score), WCST (perseverative errors) |
| Steward et al., 2018 (obesity) | 33(33) | _ | 38.7 | 42.4 | _ | _ | _ | YFAS |
Inhibition: CPT-II (commission errors) Others: IGT (total score) |
| Steward et al., 2018 (normal-weight) | 36(36) | _ | 30.6 | 21.3 | _ | _ | _ | YFAS |
Inhibition: CPT-II* (commission errors) Others: IGT (total score) |
| Watson & Garvey, 2013 | 48(32) | _ |
21.63 | 23.38 | _ | _ | _ | DEBQ (emotional eating, external eating) | Inhibition: Stroop Test (interference score) |
*BMI Percentile, **BMI z-score.
▴Scale: BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression Scale, STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, SAI = State Anxiety Inventory, CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
■Reported affective symptoms: S-Diff = Significant differences; NS-Diff = Nonsignificant differences.
×Eating scale: TFEQ-R18 = Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire R-18; Child EDE = Child Eating Disorder Examination; EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination Self-report Questionnaire; DEBQ = Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire; QEWP-A = Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns, Adolescent version; PFS = Power of Food Scale; YFAS = Yale Food Addiction Scale; BES = Binge Eating Scale; EBPQ = Eating Behavior Patterns Questionnaire.
●Outcomes: WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; IGT = Iowa Gambling Task; BREIF = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CPT-II = Conners Continuous Performance Test; TOL = Tower of London.