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. 2021 Jan 19;4:89. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01576-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b Representative 3-D microCT reconstructions of hMSC tube explants containing TGF-β1-loaded, BMP-2-loaded, or TGF-β1 + BMP-2-loaded microparticles at weeks 3 and 6, selected based on mean bone volume. Scale bars, 2 mm. (i) top view; (ii) side view. c, d Multiple angle views and close-ups of (i,i*) trabecular bone and (ii,ii*) cortical bone-like shell architecture in hMSC tube explants containing TGF-β1 + BMP-2-loaded microparticles (dotted blue squares in a and b) at weeks 3 and 6. Scale bars, 1 mm. Morphometric analysis of e bone volume, f trabecular number, g trabecular thickness, and h trabecular separation at weeks 3 and 6 (3 wks: n = 8 (TGF-β1) or 6 (BMP-2; TGF-β1 + BMP-2), and 6 wks: n = 8 (all groups) biologically independent samples per group; black circles = TGF-β1; red squares = BMP-2; blue triangles = TGF-β1 + BMP-2; open symbols = 3 wks; closed symbols = 6 wks). Individual data points are shown with mean ± SD. Analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05 or lower considered significant).