TABLE 1.

Descriptive statistics of all study variables (n = 1119).

	M	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	α
(1) T1 Adaptability	5.22	1.06	–0.65	1.15	0.97
(2) T1 Positive academic emotion	2.80	0.79	0.08	0.70	0.88
(3) T2 Positive academic emotion	2.85	0.85	0.13	0.34	0.90
(4) T1 Negative academic emotion	1.85	0.70	0.96	0.46	0.96
(5) T2 Negative academic emotion	1.87	0.79	1.02	0.65	0.97
(6) T2 Student engagement	3.59	0.80	–0.13	0.02	0.96

Adaptability (range: 1 to 7), academic emotion (range: 0 to 4), student engagement (range: 1 to 5).