Table 2.
SAT’S adipocyte size and clinical-biochemical characteristics (n = 60).
| Smaller adipocytes (n = 30) | Larger adipocytes (n = 30) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | By gender | By t2DM | All | By gender | By t2DM | |||||
| Female | Male | Non t2DM | t2DM | Female | Male | Non t2DM | t2DM | |||
| Age (years) | 41.3 ± 12.1 | 45.3 ± 10.1 | 37.4 ± 9.0 | 45.5 ± 8.1 | 42.1 ± 11.5 | 41.6 ± 7.7 | 43.9 ± 8.6 | 47.4 ± 9.3g | 44.0 ± 10.0 | 46.0 ± 7.9 |
| Weight (kg) | 121.2 ± 23.0 | 121.7 ± 21.2 | 119.7 ± 30.3 | 121.8 ± 30.4 | 120.8 ± 30.4 | 128.1 ± 21.3 | 128.8 ± 20.3 | 126.8 ± 24.3 | 130.3 ± 26.8 | 126.2 ± 15.7 |
| Height (m) | 1.65 ± 0.09 | 1.61 ± 0.09 | 1.62 ± 0.07 | 1.64 ± 0.1 | 1.59 ± 0.07 | 1.63 ± 0.1 | 1.68 ± 0.07g | 1.61 ± 0.04 | 1.65 ± 0.06 | 1.66 ± 0.07DM |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 46.5 ± 8.1 | 46.7 ± 7.1 | 45.8 ± 11.4 | 44.9 ± 10.8 | 47.6 ± 5.7 | 47.0 ± 9.3 | 46.0 ± 8.7 | 49.1 ± 10.5 | 47.1 ± 10.0 | 46.2 ± 8.9 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 134.8 ± 14.1 | 133.7 ± 11.0 | 138.3 ± 22.3 | 129.0 ± 8.0 | 138.7 ± 16.0 | 135.8 ± 17.6 | 137.7 ± 19.3 | 132.1 ± 13.7 | 135.6 ± 17.1 | 135.9 ± 18.6 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.8 ± 15.6 | 123.3 ± 16.0 | 114.9 ± 11.2 | 118.8 ± 10.0 | 123.0 ± 18.2 | 128.1 ± 11.0* | 126.1 ± 10.4 | 126.4 ± 12.5 | 124.2 ± 9.6 | 127.9 ± 12.0 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.7 ± 9.4 | 77.9 ± 10.0 | 73.1 ± 6.9 | 77.5 ± 8.7 | 76.2 ± 10.2 | 82.1 ± 9.4* | 81.7 ± 9.2 | 82.8 ± 9.8g | 81.0 ± 8.2 | 83.0 ± 10.2 |
| Adipokines and CHs | ||||||||||
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 53.6 ± 78.0 | 53.5 ± 83.8 | 48.8 ± 57.4 | 60.9 ± 79.8 | 46.4 ± 76.7 | 50.9 ± 72.1 | 40.2 ± 64.3 | 73.5 ± 86.4 | 47.4 ± 63.6 | 56.1 ± 82.6 |
| Resistin (pg/mL) | 6866 ± 1327 | 7012 ± 800 | 6427 ± 2343 | 6678 ± 1895 | 6988 ± 829 | 6846 ± 1828 | 7092 ± 1883 | 6428 ± 2031 | 6844 ± 2080 | 6848 ± 1855 |
| Adiponectin (pg/mL) | 28.2 ± 4.6 | 27.6 ± 4.8 | 25.7 ± 6.7 | 26.8 ± 5.6 | 27.4 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 5.3* | 24.1 ± 5.5g | 26.7 ± 3.8 | 24.9 ± 5.2 | 24.9 ± 5.2 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.9 ± 10.7 | 110.5 ± 26.3 | 97.0 ± 8.8 | 91.6 ± 4.7 | 117.8 ± 26.0 | 117.3 ± 29.5* | 105.6 ± 19.1 | 107.5 ± 33.9 | 92.5 ± 5.3 | 118.3 ± 28.3 |
| Insulin (mUI/mL) | 42.4 ± 31.1 | 45.8 ± 36.4 | 24.6 ± 11.2 | 30.0 ± 19.4 | 47.5 ± 38.9 | 27.3 ± 15.4* | 23.1 ± 10.2g | 36.8 ± 21.0 | 28.3 ± 17.1 | 26.3 ± 14.1 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 0.6 |
| HOMA-IR | 10.9 ± 9.9 | 12.9 ± 11.2 | 6.1 ± 3.0 | 6.2 ± 4.6 | 13.8 ± 11.3 | 7.1 ± 4.2 | 5.8 ± 2.5g | 10.0 ± 5.9 | 6.5 ± 3.9 | 7.7 ± 4.5 |
| Antidiabetic drug n (%) | 19 (63.3) | 14 (60.8) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (66.6) | 10 (55.5) | 13 (43.3) | 7 (35.0) | 3 (30.0) | 5 (35.7) | 5 (31.2) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180.6 ± 35.4 | 178.3 ± 44.6 | 179.0 ± 38.7 | 183.6 ± 42.7 | 175.0 ± 43.5 | 175.5 ± 35.0 | 183.6 ± 33.9 | 159.2 ± 33.9 | 174.7 ± 40.2 | 176.1 ± 31.7 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.4 ± 14.0 | 42.2 ± 13.7 | 49.5 ± 17.3 | 53.9 ± 17.0 | 36.9 ± 7.2 | 41.7 ± 7.7* | 46.2 ± 12.7 | 40.3 ± 9.7 | 45.1 ± 11.8 | 43.5 ± 12.4 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.7 ± 34.9 | 112.2 ± 33.0 | 101.7 ± 41.4 | 107.8 ± 34.8 | 110.9 ± 35.6 | 110.3 ± 32.5 | 115.8 ± 36.5 | 101.5 ± 25.2 | 109.2 ± 32.1 | 112.7 ± 35.6 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 140.1 ± 55.9 | 139.0 ± 57.7 | 151.9 ± 52.7 | 138.3 ± 52.1 | 144.4 ± 59.5 | 135.3 ± 65.1 | 139.2 ± 71.5 | 126.8 ± 50.6 | 126.0 ± 58.4 | 142.9 ± 71.0 |
Continuous variables presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as n (%).
SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; t2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus (includes cases of impaired fasting glucose); BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CHs, carbohydrates; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
Mean comparison was performed by one-tail, T-test or U-Mann Whitney as appropriate; whereas categorical data were compared by Fisher exact test. (*) indicates p < 0.05, mean difference between smaller vs. larger adipocytes; (g) indicates p < 0.05, mean difference regarding adipocyte`s size, subgrouped by gender; (DM) indicates p < 0.05, mean difference regarding adipocyte’s size, subgrouped by presence of t2DM (includes cases of impaired fasting glucose).