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. 2021 Jan 19;12:435. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20703-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — a Example of EMG activity during a reach, grasp and pull task. Left: without stimulation. Right: with stimulation. Top gray squares: division of time into 10 equal bins (used in b). Inset: typical stimulation-induced muscle response. TRI: triceps. FDS: flexor digitorum superficialis. b Overlay of stimulation-induced muscle responses in the triceps muscle during task execution. For multiple task executions (each divided in 10 bins as in a) and for each bin, the 20 ms windows of EMG data following each stimulation pulse occurring in the bin were extracted and overlaid (301 superimposed responses per bin). c EMG energy of the TRI (left) and FDS (right) muscles during task execution. Black: without stimulation. Purple: with rostral stimulation. Yellow: with caudal stimulation. Bars and whiskers: mean and standard deviation of the EMG energy across multiple task executions (rostral stim: 9 trials; caudal stim: 16 trials; baseline: 9 trials). For each trial, time was divided into 5 bins, and the EMG energy computed in each bin (see “Methods”). Statistics: Black: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests. Purple/yellow: Kruskal–Wallis tests analyzed post-hoc with Tukey–Kramer tests. Both: *p < 0.05 (see “Methods”). For TRI, energy is expressed in multiples of the baseline energy (i.e., without stimulation) during BIN 2. For FDS, energy is expressed in multiples of the baseline energy during BIN 3. d Mean facilitation indexes (dimensionless) of 7 upper-limb muscles (see “Methods”). Left: during reach. Right: during pull. Values greater than 1 indicate a facilitation effect; values smaller than 1 indicate suppression. DEL: deltoid, BIC: biceps, FCR: flexor carpi radialis, ECR: extensor carpi radialis, EDC: extensor digitorum communis, APB: abductor pollicis brevis.